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PHILADELPHIA 

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Article  \  . — The  L.ibrary  snail  De  aiviaea  mio  two  uL,A>sh;»  ;  xiinat 
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CLASS,  subject  to  the  following  regulations  : 

Section  1. — Xo  individual  shall  be  permitted  to  have  more  thzfwo 
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latter  shall  have  the  preference. 

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detention  of  a  book  beyond  the  limited  time  ;  and  if  a  book  be  n  re- 
turned within  three  months  it  shall  be  deemed  lost,  and  the  borver 
shall,  in  addition  to  his  fines,  forfeit  its  value. 

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pay  for  the  injury,  or  replace  the  book,  as  the  I^ibrary  Committeeiay 
direct :  and  if  one  or  more  books,  belonging  to  a  set  or  sets,  be  loahe 
borrower  shall  replace  them  or  make  full  restitution. 

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sion  from  the  proper  authorities,  any  book,  newspaper  or  other  prcrty 
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who  may  inflict  any  fine  not  exceeding  twenty-five  dollars. 

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annual  contribution  for  the  current  year  shall  be  unpaid  or  whf  in 
arrears  for  fines,  shall  be  entitled  to  the  privileges  ot  the  Libra  or 
Reading  Room. 

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refuse  or  neglect  to  comply  wiih  the  foregoing  rules,  it  shall  be  theity 
of  the  Secretary  to  report  him  to  ^le  Committee  on  the  Library. 

Article  X. — Any  Member  or  holder  of  second  class  stock,  deted 
in  mutilating  the  newspapers,  pamphlets  or  books  belonging  to  the  -Jti- 
tute  shall  be  deprived  of  his  right  of  membership,  and  the  name  the 
offender  shall  be  made  public. 


PRESENTED  BY 

 S.Mo:      ^  189^. 


IMPROVEMENTS 


IN 


FOR 


ROVING,  REELING,- 
SPINNING,  WARPING, 
TWISTING,  DRESSING, 
SPOOLING,  WEAVING, 


That  we  may  know  our  hook  reaches 
you,  please  acknowledge  receipt  by  postal 
card  or  otherwise. 


GEORGE  DRAPER  AND  SONS, 

HOPEDALE,  MASS  . 


Copyright,  1881, 
By  GEORGE  DRAPER  AND  SONS. 


Cambridge  Frinted  a\  ttit  Rizmtdz  Press. 


iH£  GETTY  CUtiui 
LIBRARY  -.^ 


To  OUR  Customers, 
THE  COTTON  MANUFACTURERS  OE  THE  UNITED  STATES, 

WHOSE  ENTERPRISE  IN 

TESTING  AND  ADOPTING  VALUABLE  IMPROVEMENTS  IN  MACHINERY 

HAS  STIMULATED  THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF  IMPORTANT  INVENTIONS, 

THUS  IMPROVING  THE  QUALITY  AND  DIMINISHING  THE  COST  OF  THE  FABRICS 
PRODUCED, 

2rf){0,  our  JFiftf)  ©cscn'ptifae  (CataloQtte, 

IS 

RESPECTFULLY  DEDICATED. 


INTRODUCTORY. 


For  about  sixty-five  years  our  firm  and  its  predecessors 
have  been  engaged  in  the  manufacture,  introduction,  and 
sale  of  improvements  in  cotton  machinery.  In  1816  Ira 
Draper,  father  of  our  senior,  obtained  a  patent  for  a  fiy- 
shuttle  hand-loom,  which  had  decided  advantages  over  those 
then  in  use.  Not  long  after  he  invented  the  well-known 
Revolving  Temple,  which  was  extensively  adopted  on  looms 
both  in  this  and  foreign  countries.  In  1825  James  Draper, 
then  of  Wayland,  Mass.,  his  oldest  son,  succeeded  to  the 
business,  which  he  followed  until  1838,  when  bought  out 
by  E.  D.  Draper,  of  Uxbridge,  Mass.,  another  son,  who  had 
had  many  years'  experience  as  overseer  of  weaving.  In 
1842  he  moved  to  this  location,  and  in  1852  the  firm  of  E. 
D.  &  G.  Draper  was  established.  In  1868  E.  D.  Draper 
retiring,  Wm.  F.  Draper  was  admitted  to  the  copartnership, 
which  continued  under  the  style  of  George  Draper  &  Son 
until  1877,  when,  with  the  admission  of  G.  A.  Draper,  the 
present  firm  name  of  George  Draper  &  Sons  was  adopted. 
In  1880  a  fourth  partner,  E.  S.  Draper,  was  admitted. 

Our  business,  thus  begun  in  a  small  way,  has  been  grad- 
ually increased,  until  it  has  included  improvements  in  nearly 
or  quite  every  branch  of  cotton  manufacture.  Many  of  the 
most  important  improvements  in  use  have  been  introduced 
by  us  ;  and  we  have  undoubtedly  owned  or  had  the  man- 
agement of  more  useful  patents  on  cotton  machinery  than 
any  other  concern  in  the  country.  Among  such  inventions 
are  the  Draper  Revolving  Temple,  the  best  of  its  day  ;  the 
Dutcher  Temple,  which  has  since  superseded  the  above,  and 
is  so  much  superior  to  every  other  that  we  have  practically 
the  entire  market  of  this  country  ;  the  Parallel  Shuttle 
Motion,  on  which  we  have  owned  about  a  dozen  patents,  in- 
cluding that  of  W.  W.  Dutcher,  the  original  inventor ;  the 


vi  INTRODUCTORY. 

Thompson  Oil  Can,  which  has  sustained  its  supremacy  over 
numerous  rivals  for  more  than  twenty  years ;  the  Evener 
for  Railway-Heads,  which  has  been  universally  adopted  ; 
the  Shuttle  Guide,  Let-OfF  Motion  and  Thick  and  Thin  Place 
Preventer  for  Looms;  the  first  Self-Oiling  Steps  and  Bol- 
sters for  Spinning ;  the  Sawyer  Spindle,  proved  by  actual 
tests,  and  acknowledged  by  competent  judges,  to  be  the  best 
of  its  class  in  operation,  of  which  at  this  writing  about  a 
million  and  three  quarters  have  been  sold ;  the  wonderful 
New  Rabbeth  Spindle,  recently  introduced,  but  already 
selling  in  great  numbers ;  Draper's  Filling  Spinner,  which 
is  rapidly  superseding  mules  for  weft  spinning ;  the  Double 
Adjustable  Spinning  Ring,  already  sold  to  the  number  of 
two  millions ;  improved  Spoolers,  with  the  Wade  Bobbin 
Holder  and  Laflin  Thread  Guide,  and  the  Sawyer  or  ele- 
vated bolster  for  their  spindles  ;  Twisters,  with  the  Sawyer 
or  New  Rabbeth  principle  applied  to  their  spindles  ;  Slasher 
Warpers  with  rising  or  falling  rolls,  Walmsley's  matchless 
Stop  Motion,  and  an  unrivaled  Slow  Motion  ;  with  many 
others  as  widely  known. 

The  description  of  these  and  our  other  improvements  is 
the  principal  object  of  this  book ;  but  we  have  added  to  it 
tables  of  much  value  to  the  practical  manufacturer,  which 
have  been  carefully  revised,  corrected,  and  enlarged  from 
former  editions,  and  other  useful  rules  and  information. 
We  believe  we  are  justified  in  saying,  also,  that  the  reader 
will  find  herein  much  sound  advice  upon  the  topics  of  which 
we  treat  —  the  fruit  of  a  large  experience  and  an  exten- 
sive acquaintance  with  the  best  cotton  machinery  build-ers 
and  operators  of  this  country. 

This  book  is  intended  for  distribution  among  treasurers, 
agents,  superintendents,  and  principal  overseers  of  factories  ; 
and  to  any  such  who  do  not  receive  it  otherwise,  a  copy  will 
be  sent  by  mail  upon  application  to  us.  Care  should  be 
taken  in  writing  us,  to  give  the  name  and  address  of  the 
applicant  clearly  ;  and  three  letter  stamps  should  be  in- 
closed for  postage. 


We  append  to  this  introductory  chapter  a  brief  account  of 
our  works  and  the  village  in  which  they  are  located,  with 
directions  for  reaching  us  by  rail. 


INTRODUCTORY.  vii 

Hopedale  is  situated  in  the  southwestern  part  of  Milford, 
Mass.,  and  comprises  some  six  hundred  acres  of  land  along 
the  valley  of  Mill  River,  one  of  the  tributaries  of  the  Black- 
stone.  It  was  settled  about  the  year  1700  by  John  Jones 
of  Mendon,  and  remained  for  over  a  century  the  property 
of  himself  and  descendants. 

In  1841  it  was  purchased  by  Rev.  Adin  Ballou,  in  behalf 
of  the  then  recently  formed  Hopedale  Community.  The 
valley  was  at  that  time  known  as  the  Dale,  to  which,  as 
suggestive  of  great  anticipations,  the  word  "  Hope  "  was 
prefixed.  The  society  was  a  joint-stock  organization,  the 
individual  property  consisting  simply  of  homesteads  and 
some  few  personal  investments.  In  March,  1856,  after  a 
practical  experience  of  nearly  fifteen  years,  the  community, 
as  an  industrial  institution,  ceased  to  exist,  by  vote  of  its 
stockholders,  the  smaller  ones  being  reimbursed  to  a  large 
extent  by  those  better  able  to  bear  their  losses. 

At  this  time  its  manufactories  comprised  a  one-story 
machine  shop,  20X^0  feet,  and  a  two-story  cabinet  shop, 
40X30,  with  sheds  and  outbuildings.  The  business  of  the 
former  was  continued  by  E.  D.  Draper,  Geo.  Draper,  and 
J.  B.  Bancroft,  under  the  name  of  the  Hopedale  Machine 
Co.,  William  F.  Draper  afterwards  succeeding  the  first- 
named,  and  by  them  the  present  stock  company  was  organ- 
ized in  1867.  Having  outgrown  their  old  accommodations, 
they  now  occupy  in  addition  a  three-story  building,  66X 
195,  besides  boiler-house,  blacksmith  shop,  erecting  shop, 
and  annealing  house,  in  all  40X220  feet.  The  Hopedale 
Furnace  Co.,  consolidated  with  the  Hopedale  Machine  Co. 
in  1880,  occupies  a  foundry  building  100X70,  with  wing 
20X42,  and  various  pattern  houses,  etc. 

The  cabinet  shop  was  purchased  by  W.  W.  Dutcher  & 
Co.,  comprising  W.  W.  Dutcher,  Geo.  Draper,  and  E.  D. 
Draper,  for  the  manufacture  of  Dutcher's  Patent  Loom 
Temples,  the  inventor  of  the  same  having  moved  here  in 
May,  1856.  This  building  has  been  enlarged  to  nearly 
double  its  original  capacity,  the  business  being  now  con- 
ducted by  the  Dutcher  Temple  Co.,  incorporated  in  1867. 

George  Draper  &  Sons'  Spinning  Ring  Works  are  located 
near  by,  as  well  as  a  commodious  counting-house  occupied 


viii  INTRODUCTORY. 

by  all  the  companies,  and  several  store-houses  and  miscel- 
laneous buildings.  At  this  writing  two  large  brick  shops 
are  in  process  of  erection  to  make  room  for  the  extensions 
demanded  by  the  increase  of  business  in  this  year  of  pros- 
perity. 

Power  is  supplied  in  part  by  two  falls  in  the  Mill  River, 
aggregating  about  twenty-live  feet.  At  another  fall,  upon 
the  same  stream,  and  about  a  mile  below,  is  located  the 
Spindle  Manufactory  of  A.  A.  Westcott.  This  is  the  only 
other  establishment  of  the  kind  in  the  village ;  in  all  the 
shops  of  which  are  employed  about  three  hundred  and  fifty 
persons. 

Hopedale  has  communication  with  Milford  by  coach  and 
by  telephone  line,  the  distance  to  the  centre  of  the  town 
being  about  one  and  a  half  miles.  Our  post-office  address 
is  Hopedale ;  but  Milford  is  the  nearest  telegraph  and  rail- 
road station  and  postal  money-order  office.  The  town  is  the 
terminus  of  a  branch  of  the  Boston  &  Albany  Railroad, 
connecting  at  South  Framingham  with  the  main  line  of  that 
road,  and  also  with  the  Northern  Division  of  the  Old  Col- 
ony Railroad.  We  have  also  the  Hopkinton,  Milford,  & 
Woonsocket  Railroad,  connecting  with  the  Boston  &  Al- 
bany Railroad  at  Ashland,  and  with  the  New  York  &  New 
Enorland  Railroad  and  the  Providence  &  Worcester  Rail- 
road  at  Woonsocket.  The  time-tables  at  present  show  four 
trains  daily  each  way  on  the  Milford  branch  of  the  B.  &  A. 
R.  R.,  and  three  each  way  on  the  H.,  M.  &  W.  R.  R.  A 
coach  for  Hopedale  connects  with  most  of  these  trains.  We 
may  add  that  our  works  are  but  about  eight  miles'  drive 
from  the  Whitinsville  station  on  the  Providence  &  Worces- 
ter Railroad,  so  that  parties  can  easily  reach  us  from  that 
point. 

We  have  been  thus  explicit  in  describing  our  railroad 
facilities  because  of  the  occasional  complaint  of  strangers 
of  difficulty  in  reaching  our  works. 


Mr.  Warren  W.  Dutcher's  name  was  so  familiar  to  the 
manufacturing  community  through  his  various  inventions, 
and  he  had  also  so  large  a  list  of  friends  and  acquaintances 


INTRODUCTORY  ix 

among  manufacturers,  and  had  been  so  long  associated  with 
us  in  business,  that  we  feel  constrained,  in  closing  this  some- 
what personal  chapter,  to  revert  briefly  to  his  lamentexl  de- 
cease, which  occurred  in  January  of  1880,  after  a  long  il 
ness.  Mr.  Dutcher  was  the  author  of  num.-  «  inventions 
which  have  gone  into  almost  universal  use,  sue  as  those 
embodied  in  the  several  forms  of  loom  temples  bearing  his 
name  and  the  admirable  special  machinery  for  making  them, 
the  parallel  shuttle  motion,  and  others.  His  ingenuity,  en- 
ergy, and  skill  brought  him  deserved  success  in  business, 
and  in  social  and  domestic  life  his  qualities  were  such  as  to 
command  the  affectionate  esteem  of  all  who  were  brought 
into  contact  with  him. 


With  thus  much  by  way  of  preface,  we  recommend  to  our 
customers  and  all  interested  in  the  cotton  manufacture  a 
careful  perusal  of  the  succeeding  pages. 

GEORGE  DRAPER  &  SONS. 

March  1,  1881. 


CONTENTS. 

Paqb 

Spinning  1 

The  Sawyer  Spindle  1 

The  New  Rabbeth  Spindle  33 

Draper's  Filling  Spinner  38 

Tables,  Rules,  etc.,  for  Spinners  58 

Double  Adjustable  Spinning  Ring        ....  71 

Doyle  Separator  7.5 

Weeks  Banding  Machine  77 

KiLBURN  Contractor    78 

DuTCHER  Loom  Temples  80 

Let-Off  Motions  82 

Loom  Protector  83 

Shuttle  Guides  83 

Stearns'  Shuttle  Motion  84 

Damon's  Cut  Marker  for  Slashers  .       .      .  .84 

Wade  Bobbin  Holder  85 

Laflin  Thread  Guide  86 

Spoolers  87 

Skein  Spoolers   90 

Reels  91 

Warpers  92 

Twisters  95 

The  Foss  Improvements  in  Speeders  104 

Thompson  Oil  Can  105 

Cotton-Bale  Shears    106 

The  Stanyan  Bread  Mixer  106 

Advertisements  108 


So  far  as  we  are  aware,  no  manufacturer 
purchasing  our  patented  improvements  has  ever 
paid  a  dollar  to  any  other  party  for  royalty  on  any 
one  of  them,  or  to  defend  himself  against  claims 
of  infringement. 


CAUTION. 


George  Draper  &  Sons  and  the  several  companies  for 
whom  they  are  agents,  are  owners  or  part  owners  of 
about  — 

9  patents  on  carding  and  drawing; 
•  96      '*       "  spinning ;  besides 

21      "       "  rings  and  ring-holders ; 

13  "       "  spooling  and  twisting ; 

14  "       "  warping ; 
4     "  dressing; 

37      "       "  weaving ;  besides 
60      "       "  loom  temples ;  and 
13     "       "  various  other  subjects. 


SPINNING. 


THE  SAWYER  SPINDLE. 

In  writing  for  American  manufacturers  it  is  no  longer  necessary  for  us  to 
treat  of  the  Sawyer  Spindle  as  a  promising  experiment,  or  to  print  the 
many  testimonials  of  its  value  which  could  easily  be  accumulated ;  and  for 
those  who  have  given  it  a  thorough  practical  test,  a  rehearsal  of  its  advan- 
tages, even,  would  be  superfluous.  At  this  date  a  million  and  three  quarters 
in  round  mnribers  i  are  in  use  in  this  country,  and  daily  demonstrating  their 
own  superiority. 

We  regard  the  Sawyer  Spindle  as  by  far  the  most  important  improvement 
introduced  into  the  cotton  manufacture  for  many  years,  considering  the  effect 
of  its  use  upon  the  quantity  and  quality  of  product  and  the  cost  of  operation, 
and  remembering  also  the  importance  of  the  department  of  spinning  in  re- 
spect to  the  amount  of  space  and  power  required,  the  number  of  operatives 
employed,  the  first  cost  of  machinery  and  the  expense  of  running  it,  and  the 
influence  upon  the  quality  of  the  finished  goods.  The  advantages  gained  by 
the  use  of  the  Sawyer  Spindle,  concisely  stated,  are  as  follows:  — 

1st.  An  increase  of  speed  is  obtained  over  prior  structures,  varying  from 
twenty-five  to  fifty  per  cent.,  and  averaging,  probably,  about  thirty-five  per 
cent. 

2d.  Such  an  increase  in  speed  involves  an  increase  in  production  per  spindle 
in  the  same  proportion,  of  course.  But  as  a  matter  of  fact  the  increase  of 
production  is  greater  than  the  increase  in  speed,  because  of  the  better  opera- 
tion of  the  improved  machine,  it  making  less  breakage  and  waste  and  requir- 
ing fewer  stoppages. 

3d.  As  a  result  of  the  above,  fewer  spindles  are  required  for  performing  a 
given  amount  of  work,  and  thus  the  amount  of  power  required  is  I'educed. 
But  from  the  fact  that  the  power  per  sj)indle  is  also  reduced,  it  follows  that 
a  reduction  of  say  thirty-five  per  cent,  in  the  number  of  spindles  required  for 
a  certain  product  brings  about  a  reduction  of  more  than  fifty  per  cent,  of  the 
power  consumed. 

4th.  A  decreased  number  of  spindles  to  a  given  product  results  in  a  corre- 
sponding decrease  of  the  number  of  operatives  employed. 

5th.  A  decrease  in  amount  of  floor  space  is,  of  course,  consequent  upon  in- 
crease of  production  per  spindle. 

7th.  The  product  is  evener  and  stronger  yarn,  making  evener  and  better 
goods,  and  also  resulting  in  a  perceptible  increase  of  production  per  loom  and 
improvement  in  intervening  processes  on  account  of  reduction  of  breakages 
and  knots. 

These  statements  are  logical  and  correct.  They  are  not  based  upon  theory, 
but  upon  actual  comparison  of  the  average  performance  of  common  spindles 
at  the  date  of  the  introduction  of  the  Sawyer  Spindle  with  the  results  obtained 
by  the  latter  at  the  present  day. 

1  See  list  of  Sawyer  Spindles  in  use,  following  this  article.  Including  unfilled 
orders  at  this  date,  and  the  commoa  Rabbeth  Spindles  in  use,  swells  the  number 
to  considerably  over  two  millions. 

1 


2 


THE  SAWYER  SPINDLE. 


w 


1 


Since  the  issue  of  our  last  handbook  in  ]87fi,  a  very  important  improve- 
ment has  been  made  in  the  form  of  the  spindle  tip  (or  part  above  tlie  bol- 
ster), which  has  added  creatly  to  its" capacity  for  runniiin;  without  vibration  at 
hi^h  speeds,  and  brou<j;ht  about  several  other  advantages  hereafter  to  be  de- 
scribed. This  improvement  was  patented  by  our  senior  partner  in  1877,  after 
about  eii^ht  hundred  thousand  spindles  were  in  operation.  Up  to  that  time 
the  tip  of  the  spindle  had  been  made  of  a  uniform  taper,  from  nine  thirty- 
seconds  of  an  inch  in  diameter  at  the  bolster  bearing  to  one  eighth  of  an  inch 
at  the  extreme  top.  Besides  the  liability  of  so  slender  a  spindle  to  yield  to 
vibration  when  carryinjr  a  heavy  and  unbalanced  load,  it  was  found  necessary 
that  great  care  should  be  exercised  to  have  the  bobbins  fit  well  at  both  their 
bearings  in  order  to  secure  their  perfect  adhesion  and  prevent  "  soft  cops." 

In  the  improved  structure,  since  known  as  the  "  Mod- 
ified "  Sawyer,  both  the  form  of  tip  and  the  maimer 
of  constructing  the  bobl)in  and  combining  it  with  the 
spindle,  are  changed.  The  spindle  is  continued  of  uni- 
form diameter  from  the  bolster  bearing  upward  to  a 
point  nearly  half-way  to  the  top,  thence  tapering  to 
three  sixteenths  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  This  con- 
struction gave  precisely  the  size  and  taper  which  many 
years'  experience  had  shown  to  be  the  most  satisfactory 
in  common  spindles  of  about  twelve  ounces  weight.  It  ■ 
also  gave  outlines  approaching  as  close  as  practicable 
to  the  theoretically  perfect  form,  offering  far  greater  re- 
sistance to  deflection  than  before.  The  change  in  the 
bobbin  consisted  in  giving  it  an  adhesive  contact  with 
the  spindle  only  at  its  upper  end,  making  the  central 
bushing  a  loose  fit  upon  the  spindle,  as  shown  at  B, 
Fig.  1.  By  this  means  the  bobbin  was  rendered  much 
more  certain  to  come  into  satisfactory  driving  contact 
with  the  spindle;  and  it  was  allowed  a  slight  freedom  of 
movement  whereby  it  might  centre  itself,  its  top  at  the 
same  time  being  held  perfectly  steady.  The  importance 
of  thus  dispensing  with  one  of  the  two  adhesive  bearings 
in  the  bobbin  is  better  understood  when  ,  one  considers 
the  utter  impossibility  of  keeping  two  bearings  so  per- 
fectly in  alignment  and  free  from  the  natural  tendency 
to  shrink  or  swell  that  both  M'ill  come  as  a  rule  to  fit 
properly  even  upon  the  same  spindle;  and  when  the 
variations  in  the  various  spindles  in  a  room  are  con- 
sidered the  matter  is  made  still  plainer.  If  two  adhe- 
sive bearings  in  a  bobbin  do  not  fit  properly,  and  the 
bobbin  is  pushed  down  to  place,  the  tip  of  the  spindle 
is  certain  to  be  cramped  or  bent,  and  vibration  lesults, 
and  sometimes  the  spindle  is  permanently  sprung;  or 
the  bobbin  sticks  so  firmly  on  the  spindle  as  to  require 
a  great  deal  of  force  to  remove  it,  which  renders  the 
bending  of  the  spindle  or  the  injuring  of  the  oil-cups 
nnich  more  probable,  to  say  nothing  of  the  liability  of 
snarling  the  yarn. 

We  therefore  recommend  the  exercise  of  great  care 
in  reaming  bobbins  for  use  on  the  IModified  Sawyer 
Spindles  so  that  the  central  bushing  will  not  touch  the 
spindle  when  the  bobbin  is  in  its  proper  position  (see 
B,  Fig.  1);  at  the  same  time  too  great  freedom  is  objectionable,  which  ren- 
ders it  desirable  to  employ  some  system  in  securing  a  proper  fit.  We  suggest 
a  periodical  and  systematic  examination  of  l)obbins  by  a  competent  person, 
each  bobbin  to  be  tried  upon  a  standard  gauge  and  laid  aside  to  be  reamed 
out  if  it  is  found  ill  fitting.  We  furnish  such  gauges  to  parties  using  the 
Modified  Sawyer  Spindle  without  charge,  and  will  supply  reamers  to  corre- 
spond at  a  reasonable  figure,  j 


Fig.  1. 


ADVICE  AS  TO  BOBBINS,  ETC. 


3 


These  remarks  apply  also  to  filling  bobbins  used  on  the  Modified  Spindle. 
They  should  be  reamed  as  shown  in  Fig.  2,  so  as  to  clear 
the  spindle  at  A  and  liear  only  at  its  top. 

We  believe  this  subject  is  one  of  importance,  and  that 
it  will  pay  to  attend  to  it.  The  work  will  run  better,  the 
bobbins  will  stand  at  a  more  uniform  height  upon  the 
spindles,  vibration  will  be  decreased,  and  durability  of 
the  spindles  promoted.  No  new  bobbins  should  ever 
be  put  into  use  without  a  thorough  trial,  which  will 
result  in  the  rejection  of  all  that  do  not  prove  well 
balanced  and  properly  fitted.  Burn  imperfect  bobbins 
instead  of  using  them ;  it  is  true  economy.  AVe  have 
decided  to  advise  for  the  ^Modified  Sawyer  six-inch 
bobbins,  adhesive  bearings  at  their  upper  ends  one  and 
one  half  inches  long,  and  for  seven-inch  bobbins  bear- 
ings two  inches  long.  We  have  found  that  bobbins 
made  with  adhesive  bearings  substantially  shorter  than 
the  length  given  above  have  made  trouble. 

One  of  the  important  advantages  gained  by  the 
described  change  in  the  sjiindle  is,  that  it  is  much 
easier  to  make  good  bobbins  for  the  larger  tip,  because 
larger  and  stiffer  tools  can  be  used. 

The  illustrations  on  the  next  page  show  on  a  scale 
about  one  half  full  size  two  views  of  the  Modified  Sawyer 
Spindle,  with  bolster,  step,  and  bobbin.  (In  connection 
•with  the  above  remarks  the  freedom  of  the  bobbin  from 
the  spindle  opposite  A  should  be  noted.) 

Fig.  3  is  an  elevation  showing  all  the  parts  in  work- 
ing order;  Fig.  4  shows  all  except  the  steel  spindle  it- 
self in  section.  In  Fig.  4,  A  is  the  spindle;  B,  the 
bolster,  of  bronze,  screwed  into  the  cast-iron  bolster 
tube,  C;  both  tube  and  bolster  being  rifled  so  that 
when  in  operation  oil  is  carried  up  from  the  oil-cup, 
D,  to  lubricate  the  bolster  bearing;  E,  the  whirl,  which 
is  recessed  on  the  lower  side  and  forms  a  cover  to  the 
step.  F,  in  which  the  bearing  for  the  foot  of  the  spindle 
is  of  bronze. 

Both  bolster  and  step  should  be  oiled  when  the 
spindle  is  in  operation.  The  oil  supplied  to  the  bolster 
tube  will  be  carried  at  once  to  the  bearing  by  means  of 
the  spiral  groove,  returning  to  the  oil-cup  when  the 
spindle  is  stopped.  After  fairly  started,  bolsters  should 
be  oiled  once  a  day,  and  steps  once  a  week.  In  starting 
up  new  spindles  oil  should  of  course  be  frequently  and 
liberally  applied  until  the  beai'ings  become  somewhat 
eased  by  use.  ^' 

The  Sawjer  structure  is  made  by  us  in  four  different  forms,  two  for  warp 
and  two  for  filling  yarns;  the  sizes  of  spindle  being  limited  to  two,  —  the 
smaller  for  fine  and  medium  yarn,  and  the  larger  for  coarse  numbers  where  it 
is  desirable  to  use  a  very  large  ring  and  long  traverse.  The  following  table 
gives  the  principal  dimensions,  with  weights,  etc.,  of  each  of  the  four  varie- 
ties:— 


ALTERATION  OF  OLD  FRAMES  5 


Ordinary 

Warp 
Spindle. 

Fine 
Billing 
Spindle. 

Coar.ee 
A\  arp 
Spindle. 

Coarse 
Filling 
Spindle. 

Inch. 

inch. 

Inch. 

Inch. 

Whole  length  of  ppiiulle  . 

11.8 

11.3 

J  2. 8 

12.8 

Length  above  bolster 

3.4 

4.1 

5.3 

Top  of  spindle  above  bol^tc■r  rail 

7:^ 

Of 

8i 

Whole  length  of  bobbin  . 

6i 

Gh 

7 

Bobbin  extends  above  top  of  spindle  . 

0 

1| 

0 

Diameter  of  spindle  at  top 

.19 

.19 

.23 

.23 

Diameter  of  spindle  at  bolster  . 

.28 

.28 

.33 

.33 

Diameter  of  spindle  at  step 

.15 

.15 

.19 

.19 

Weight  of  spindle,  ounces  . 

4.4 

4.2 

5.8 

5.8 

The  fine  filling  spindle  varies  from  the  ordinary  warp  spindle  only  in  being 
half  an  inch  shorter.  The  illustrations  (Figs.  3  and  4)  represent  the  ordinary 
warp  spindle,  about  one  half  size.  The  oil-cups  are  now  made  of  iron,  and 
rest  upon  a  shoulder  turned  in  the  spindle,  which  obviates  any  knocking  down 
of  the  cup  by  rough  usage.  Bolsters,  tubes,  steps,  spindles,  etc.,  are  furnished 
by  us  for  repairs  at  reasonable  rates. 

A  few  words  further  as  to  bobbins  for  use  on  Modified  Sawyer  Spindles. 
Although  in  what  has  been  said  concerning  reaming  of  bobbins,  etc.,  we  have 
referred  chiefly  to  the  bushed  bobbin  like  Fig.  1,  we  suggest  also  the  construc- 
tion shown  in  Fig.  4.  It  is  both  cheaper  and  stronger,  and  we  are  satisfied 
that  the  few  grains  extra  weight  of  wood  in  the  bobbin  in  Fig.  4,  located  so 
close  to  the  spindle,  is  no  material  disadvantage,  particularly  if  bobbins  are 
examined  and  cared  for  as  previously  suggested.  iJoth  kinds  are  in  use  very 
extensi\ely  at  present.  We  much  prefer  that  the  bottom  of  the  bobbin 
should  be  made  with  a  flange  or  rib  to  strengthen  it,  as  shown  in  the  illustra- 
tions (at  C,  in  Fig.  1),  instead  of  with  the  old  flaring  or  bell-shaped  form. 
We  have  never  guarantied  or  advised  the  use  upon  Sawyer  Spindles  of  warp 
bobbins  extending  above  the  tops  of  the  spindles,  and  do  not  now  do  so. 
With  regard  to  this  subject  we  have  written  more  particularly  elsewhere. 
The  slight  cupping  out  of  tlie  top  of  the  bobbin,  as  shown  in  Figs.  1  and  4, 
is  useful  in  clearing  the  bobbin  of  waste. 

In  introducing  tiie  Sawyer  Spindle  we  have  made  a  specialty  of  the  alteration 
of  old  frames,  having  up  to  this  time  built  no  new  spinning.  W^e  have  been  so 
successful  in  this  line  that  about  half  of  the  whole  number  in  use  have  been 
put  by  us  into  frames  of  all  the  different  makes,  in  mills  all  over  the  country. 
In  case  the  rolls  of  an  old  frame  remain  in  fair  condition,  we  can  usually  alter 
it  to  the  Sawyer  plan,  adding  new  double  rings,  lilting  rods,  etc.,  changing  the 
traverse  when  necessary,  making  practically  a  new  machine  so  far  as  regards 
the  quantity  and  qualit)'  of  product.  It  is  well  worth  the  while  of  any  manu- 
facturer using  common  spindles,  or  inferior  ones  of  whatever  make,  to  consult 
us  regarding  the  substitution  of  the  Sawyer  or  the  New  Eabbeth.  We  re- 
print below  i)art  of  a  letter  written  by  our  senior  partner  some  time  ago, 
which  presents  the  advantages  of  reorganizing  old  Irames  in  so  clear  a  light 
that  we  need  add  nothing  further  on  this  head :  — 

"  We  have  found  that  8,000  Sawyer  Spindles,  in  connectiou  with  double  adjust- 
able rings,  with  other  parts  of  the  frames  in  good  condition,  will  produce  as  much 
yarn  to-day  as  the  averaoje  of  ring  frames  in  1871,  having  11,OOU  spindles.  Now 
suppose  we  have  two  mills,  one  containing  8,000  Sawyer  i^piudlcs,  etc.,  as  described, 
with  all  that  is  needed  in  tlie  shape  of  room  and  power  to  drive  tl  eni,  what  are 
they  worth/or  vse  compared  with  11,000  spindles  of  1871,  including  also  the  neces- 
sary room  and  power  to  drive  them.  The  proper  value  of  spindles  and  all  con- 
nected with  them  is  their  value  for  making  yarn  of  a  given  quality  at  as  low  cost 
as  possible,  all  things  included. 

"  Now,  if  8,000  Sawyer  Spindles,  including  all  that  is  necessary  to  run  them, 
will  produce  as  much  yarn  as  11,000  of  those  of  1871,  with  all  that  is  necessary  to 
run  «Aew,  are  they  not  worth  as  much  to  use  ?    When  it  is  considered  that  they 


6 


THE  SAWYER  SPINDLE. 


will  produce  the  same  amount  of  yarn  with  three-elevenths  less  spinners,  are  they 
not  wortli  far  more  .'  Then  if  they  will  produce  the  same  amount  of  yarn  with  far 
less  power,  does  not  that  add  still  more  to  their  value  ?  It  will  also  cost  less  for 
the  plant  where  less  power  and  less  room  is  required  Does  not  this  add  to  their 
value?  It  costs  less  for  light  and  fuel  and  lubrication  for  8, 0(X)  than  it  does  for 
11,000  spindles.  Does  not  this  enhance  their  value  ?  Suppose  the  11,000  spindles 
of  1871,  including  all  necessary  to  run  them,  would  cost  $4  00  per  spindle,  which 
is  too  low.  and  the  Sawyer  Sl  oO  per  spindle,  which  is  more  than  the  actual  differ- 
ence, then  the  8,000  Sawyer  Spindles  would  cost  833,000,  and  the  11,000  of  1871 
would  cost  §44,000  —  a  saving  of  §8,000  in  the  first  cost  for  the  machinery  and 
fi.xtures  necessary  to  do  the  same  amount  of  work.  This  is  but  a  trifle  compared 
with  all  other  gains  put  together. 

''Let  us  assume,  for  illustration,  that  one  party  has  a  mill  of  11,000  common 
spindles,  at  a  cost  of  S44.000,  and  he  is  able  to  make  15  per  cent,  on  the  cost  of  his 
plant,  or  S6,600  ;  allowing  8  per  cent,  for  insurance,  taxes,  depreciation,  etc..  he 
would  have  left  7  per  cent.,  or  83,080  net  for  the  use  of  the  investment.  Another 
party  has  a  mill  containing  8.000  Sawyer  Spindles  that  will  produce  just  as  much 
yarn  (and  that  of  better  quality)  as  the  mill  having  11,000  common  spindles.  Let 
us  call  the  latter  mill  No.  1,  and  the  Sawyer  Spindle  mill,  costing  say  836,000,  No.  2. 
Then  the  annual  saving  in  power  required  for  the  same  product  in  No.  2  over  No. 
1  would  be  worth  at  least  82,500.  The  saving  in  Labor  I  estimate  at  81,364.  The 
saving  of  15  per  cent,  on  88,000  less  cost  of  No.  2  amounts  to  81,200.  These  sums 
added  to  82,-520,  which  is  seven  per  cent,  on  the  836,000  invested,  give  a  total  of 
87,584.    The  comparison  then  stands  as  follows  :  — 

Mill  No.  1,  investment  844.000,  annual  profit  (7  per  cent.)  ....  83,080 
Mill  No.  2,  investment  836,000,  annual  profit  as  compared  with  No.  1  7,584 

"  What  is  the  difference  an  value  between  these  two  investments?  It  is  plain 
that  mill  No.  2,  to  use  as  it  is,  is  worth  more  than  twice  as  much  as  mill  No.  1,  be- 
cause the  835,000  invested  in  No.  2  would  produce  as  much  net  per  annum  as  an 
investment  of  8108,000  would  in  mills  like  No.  1.  Yet  the  frames  in  No.  1  could 
be  changed  by  putting  in  Sawyer  Spindles  and  double  adjustable  rings  at  a  cost  of 
81.60  a  spindle,  or  817,600  in  all,  so  as  to  earn  33  per  cent,  on  the  sum  invested  in 
the  change,  besides  a  saving  in  waste  and  cost  of  spooling  amounting  to  .several 
hundred  dollars  a  year  ;  for  it  is  plain  that  the  product  would  be  increased  three 
eighths,  without  increase  in  cost  of  labor,  or  in  the  amount  to  be  allowed  for  insur- 
ance, taxes,  and  depreciation.  Instead  of  86,600,  as  above,  the  profit  would  there- 
fore be  three  eighths  greater,  or  89,075.  Making  the  same  allowance  as  before  for 
insurance,  taxes,  and  depreciation,  leaves  the  net  profit  85,555.  The  saving  in 
power  would  amount  to  81,500  per  annum,  at  least.  And  finally,  as  three  eighths 
greater  product  would  be  obtained,  with  no  more  expense  for  labor,  the  gain  in 
this  respect  would  amount  to  about  81,875  yearly.  ToUil,  88,930  net.  after  the 
change,  as  compared  with  83,080  previously  ;  a  return  on  the  investment  of 
$17,600  of  33  per  cent,  per  annum  ;  which  would  be  as  good  as  a  further  invest- 
ment of  more  than  883,000  in  the  common  spindles. 

With  the  facts  as  shown  above,  who  can  afford  to  run  inferior  spindles  with 
the  cost  of  changing  at  so  low  a  figure."' 

To  judge  of  the  advisability  and  exact  cost  of  changing  old  frames,  we  gen- 
erally need  to  send  an  expert  to  look  them  over.  It  will  assist  in  forming  a 
judgment,  however,  if  parties  writing  us  on  the  subject  will  forward  a  san)ple 
of  the  old  spindle  in  use,  with  bolster,  step,  and  full  bobbin.  To  convey  a  tol- 
erably good  idea  of  what  may  be  accomplished,  we  insert  here  a  table  showing 
the  comparative  speed  and  production  of  the  common  and  Sawyer  spinning 
frames  on  warp  yarn.  In  it  the  speed  and  production  of  Sawyer  frames  accord 
with  our  reports  from  various  mills;  and  we  have  put  the  speed  of  the  com- 
mon spindles  on  numbers  finer  than  twenty  at  from  ten  to  fifteen  per  cent, 
more  than  it  averaged  in  1871,  as  the  advent  of  the  Sawyer  Spindle  has  stimu- 
lated such  an  increase.  In  computing  the  speed  of  spindles  we  have  called 
the  circumference  of  the  front  roll  31  inches,  and  the  twist  per  inch  4|  times 
the  square  root  of  the  number,  and  given  the  result  to  the  nearest  even  hun- 
dred revolutions.  In  computing  the  production  a  proper  allowance  has  been 
made  for  time  lost  in  doffing,  etc.,  and  for  waste. 


7 

8 

9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
U 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
46 
47 
48 
49 
50 

In 

on  ^ 
Tl.i 
lend 
xnrA 


SPEED  AND  PRODUCTION. 


7 


ILE  OF  COMPARATIVE  SPEED  AND  PRODUCTION 

OF  THE 

>N  AND  THE  MODIFIED  SAWYER  SPINNING  FRAMES. 


Revolutions  of 

Revolutions  of 

Hanks  per 

Pounds  per 

Front  Roll 

Spindle 

Spindle  per  Day 

Spindle  per  Week 

per  Minute. 

per  Minute. 

of  10  hours. 

of  60  hours. 

Com- 

Sawyer 

Com- 

Sawyer 

Com- 

Com- 
mon 
Spindle. 

Sawj'er 

mon 
Spindle. 

Spindle. 

mon 
Spindle. 

Spindle. 

mon 
Spindle. 

Spindle. 

Spindle. 

116 

130 

4600 

5100 

6.35 

7.12 

5.442 

6.102 

114 

129 

4800 

5400 

6.24 

7.06 

4.680 

5.298 

112  ^ 

128 

5000 

5700 

6.13 

7.01 

4.086 

4.673 

110 

127 

5200 

6000 

6.02 

6.95 

3.612 

4.173 

109 

126 

5400 

6200 

5.97 

6.90 

3.258 

3.764 

108 

124! 

5600 

6400 

5.91 

6.79 

2.856 

3.395 

104 

122 

5600 

6600 

5.69 

6.68 

2.664 

3.084 

100 

120 

5600 

6700 

5.48 

6.57 

2.346 

2.816 

97 

117 

5600 

6800 

5.37 

6.41 

2.148 

2.563 

97 

114 

5800 

0800 

5.37 

6.31 

2.016 

2.367 

94 

112 

5800 

6900 

5.20 

6.20 

1.8-36 

2.188 

92 

110 

5800 

7000 

5.09 

6.09 

1 .722 

2.030 

89 

108 

5800 

7000 

4.93 

5.98 

1.554 

1.888 

87 

107 

5800 

7100 

4.87 

5.92 

1.461 

1.777 

85 

106 

5800 

7300 

4.75 

5.92 

1.3.56 

1.691 

83 

105 

5800 

7400 

4.64 

5.87 

1.266 

1.602 

83 

103 

6000 

7400 

4.70 

5.76 

1.224 

1.503 

82 

102 

6000 

7500 

4.59 

5.71 

1.146 

1.427 

80 

101 

6000 

7500 

4.52 

5.65 

1.086 

1.356 

79 

100 

60,10 

7600 

4.47 

5.65 

1.032 

1.305 

77 

98 

6000 

7600 

4.35 

5.54 

0.966 

1 .232 

76 

96 

6000 

7600 

4.30 

5.43 

0.924 

1.163 

75 

94 

6000 

7600 

4.24 

5.31 

0.876 

1.100 

73 

92 

6000 

7600 

4.17 

5.20 

0  834 

1.040 

72 

91 

6000 

7600 

4  11 

5.20 

0.798 

1 .007 

71 

90 

6000 

7600 

4.06 

5.14 

0.762 

0.964 

70 

89 

6000 

7600 

4.00 

5.09 

0.726 

0.925 

69 

88 

6000 

7700 

3.94 

5.03 

0  696 

0.887 

68 

87 

6000 

7700 

3.89 

4.97 

0.6G6 

0.852 

68 

86 

6100 

7700 

3.89 

4.91 

0.648 

0.819 

67 

85 

6100 

7700 

3.83 

4.86 

0.618 

0.788 

66 

84 

6100 

7700 

3.77 

4.80 

0.595 

0.758 

65 

83 

6100 

7700 

3.71 

4.74 

0.571 

0.730 

64 

82 

6100 

7700 

3.69 

4.69 

0.553 

0.703 

64 

81 

6200 

7700 

3.69 

4.68 

0.540 

0.084 

64 

80 

6200 

7700 

3.69 

4.62 

0.527 

0.660 

63 

79 

6200 

7700 

3.63 

4.56 

0.506 

0.636 

63 

78 

6200 

7700 

3.63 

4.50 

0.502 

0.614 

63 

78 

6300 

7800 

3.63 

4.50 

0.483 

0.600 

62 

78 

6300 

7900 

3.58 

4  50 

0.466 

0.586 

61 

78 

6300 

8000 

3.52 

4.50 

0.449 

0.574 

61 

77 

6300 

8000 

3.52 

4.44 

0.4.39 

0.555 

60 

76 

6300 

8000 

3.46 

4.38 

0.424 

0.536 

59 

75 

6300 

8000 

3.41 

4.33 

0.409 

0  519 

)e  case  of  a  mill  running  eleven  hours  per  day,  of  course  the  produc- 
"en  above  would  be  increased  one  tenth. 

table  may  serve,  also,  to  indicate  the  speeds  at  which  we  would  recom- 
unning  the  Modified  Sawyer  Spindles  on  various  numbers,  under  fairly 
le  circumstances.    Of  course  some  discretion  is  to  be  used  in  consider- 


8 


THE  SAWYER  SPINDLE. 


m^r  this  matter  of  speed,  and  the  wide  variations  in  the  twist  of  warp  yarns 
intended  for  different  purposes  must  be  taken  into  account.  Upon  the  coarser 
numbers  of  yarn,  say  up  to  No.  25,  the  large  spindles,  carrying  a  7^  inch  bob- 
bin, should  be  used;  on  finer  numbers,  or  where  economy  of  power  is  an  object, 
the  smaller  spindle  is  advisable. 

For  numbers  coarser  than  lO's  we  suggest  a  2-lnch  ring  and  G  or  inches 
traverse;  for  ]0's  to  15's,  1^  inch  ring  and  the  same  traverse;  for  15's  to 
2()'s,  1|  inch  ring  and  the  same  traverse;  20"s  to  30's,  1|  inch  ring  and  5^  to 
5^  inclies  traverse;  and  for  30's  to  40's,  a      inch  ring  and  5  inch  traverse. 

The  gauge  or  distance  between  centres  of  spindles,  should  be,  we  think,  as 
follows,  if  tlie  highest  profitable  speeds  are  to  be  attained:  For  warp  yarns 
coarser  than  No.  35,  3  inches;  Nos.  15  to  30,  2|  inches;  and  for  finer  num- 
bers it  may  be  2^  inches. 

Frames  on  any  of  these  numbers,  with  a  less  gauge  than  that  assigned, 
should  have  the  Doyle  Separator,  or  Kilburn  Thread  Contractor  to  keep  con- 
tiguous ends  from  striking  or  '-whipping  together,"  which  will  otherwise 
happen  when  the  bobbins  are  full  and  the  ring  rail  at  the  lowest  point,  if  the 
most  profitable  speed  is  to  be  run,  and  a  traveler  as  light  as  is  advisable  is  used. 

We  recommend  for  warp  spinning  the  common  "warp  wind,"  as  it  is 
called,  from  long  to  short,  instead  of  a  filling  wind.  Although  the  latter 
method  has  its  advantages,  and  is  in  favor  in  some  mills,  the  former  is  prefer- 
able on  account  of  the  greater  economy  in  spooling,  as  the  state  of  the  art  now 
stands.  'Jo  get  the  most  yarn  on  a  bobbin,  the  traverse  motion  must  be  so 
timed  as  to  wind  the  coils  of  the  first  layer  of  yarn  as  close  together  as  possi- 
ble ;  as  with  the  ordinary  mechanism  they  will  necessarily  be  laid  farther  apart 
as  the  bobbin  fills. 

THE  MECHANICAL  SUPERIORITY  OF  THE  SAWYER  SPINDLE. 

We  wish  to  call  the  attention  of  all  who  have  any  interest  in  the  subject  to 
the  fact  that  the  Sawyer  ring-spinning  structure,  viewed  wholly  from  a  me- 
chanical standpoint,  presents  features  of  radical  diflerence  from  all  other 
spinning  structures;  and  these  differences  constitute  it  in  every  particular  the 
best  among  all  those  which,  like  it,  run  in  bearings  held  rigidly  in  the  irame. 
A  few  words  as  to  the  reasons  which  support  this  statement. 

The  most  prominent  feature  to  strike  the  attention  in  the  Sawyer  Spindle  is 
the  elevation  of  the  bolster,  or  upper  bearing  far  above  its  old  place  in  the 
rail,  by  means  of  a  supporting  tube  which  carries  the  bolster  at  its  upper  end, 
and  well  toward  the  middle  of  the  bobbin.  In  the  bobbin,  of  course,  a 
change  was  necessary  to  adapt  it  for  this  modification,  and  accordingly  we 
find  it  counterbored  from  the  bottom  nearly  or  quite  half  its  length  to  a  size 
sufficient  to  enable  it  to  drop  over  the  upward  extended  bolster,  and  revolve 
freely  about  it,  thus  retaining  its  former  i)Osition  relatively  to  the  other  parts 
of  the  frame. 

In  order  fully  to  appreciate  the  important  results  which  are  attained  as  a 
consequence  of  this  elevation  of  the  bolster  bearing,  it  is  necessary  to  consider 
what  work  the  spindle  has  to  perform,  and  the  different  causes  which  interfere 
to  prevent  it  from  operating  well  unless  they  are  provided  against  by  a  proper 
construction  and  combination  of  all  the  parts.  (To  prevent  misapprehension, 
let  us  repeat  here  that  we  exclude  from  consideration  in  these  remarks  the 
New  Kabbeth  Spindle,  because  its  theory  and  construction  constitute  it  an  ex- 
ception to  many  if  not  most  of  the  rules  which  govern  the  operation  of  spin- 
dles supported  in  rigid,  unyielding  bearings.) 

The  otiice  of  the  bobbin  and  spindle  as  a  combined  instrument,  when  in 
operation,  is  to  give  motion  through  the  thread  to  the  traveler,  and  thus  put 
the  twist  in  the  thread  and  wind  it  upon  the  bobbin  as  fast  as  twisted.  The 
spindle  must  sup{)ort  the  bobbin  in  proper  position  with  relation  to  the  guide- 
wire  and  the  traveler,  and  must  give  it  lotary  motion. 

The  bobbin  nnist  give  motion  to  the  traveler  by  means  of  the  thread,  so 
as  to  do  the  spinning,  must  receive  the  thread  as  it  is  spun,  and  retain  a  con- 
siderable quantity  of  it  until  it  is  removed  by  spooling.  It  would  be  a  waste 
of  labor  to  proceed  here  with  an  argument  to  convince  practical  men  that  in 


MECHANICAL  SUPERIORITY. 


9 


performing  these  duties  the  united  spindle  and  bobbin  should  liave  the  same 
axis  of  rotation,  and  that  that  axis  should  alwaj^s  remain  in  the  same  ver- 
tical line;  in  other  words,  that  the  bobbin  should  neither  move  nor  be  bent 
upon  the  spindle,  nor  the  spindle  be  cramped  or  bent,  nor  should  the  two  in 
running  gyrate  or  wabble  al)Out  at  any  point,  more  especially  at  the  top, 
when  put  to  the  severest  practical  tests. 

All  intelligent  manufacturers  understand  the  consequences  of  such  gyra- 
tion. Heating  and  rapid  wear,  excessive  consumption  of  power,  uneven  and 
poor  yarn,  are  but  part  of  the  evils  which  ensue,  and  which  set  a  limit  to  the 
quantity  and  value  of  the  work  which  may  be  produced  on  any  but  the 
best  spindles. 

Having  defined  with  sufficient  clearness  what  is  to  be  expected  of  the  spin- 
dle and  bobi)in  in  operation,  let  us  see  how  the  Sawyer  invention  resulted 
in  the  production  of  a  structure  which  more  nearly  fills  these  requirements 
than  any  other  of  its  class. 

].  In  the  first  place,  the  Sawyer  structure  resists  the  tendency  to  gyra- 
tioii  better  than  any  other.  To  make  clear  the  reasons  why  it  does  so,  con- 
sider what  forces  principally  operate  to  make  a  spindle  bend  or  gyrate. 

One  of  the  principal  ones,  and  perhaps  the  most  important  of  all,  is  the 
severe  strain  brought  upon  the  free  end  of  the  spindle  projecting  above  the 
bolster  by  the  unbalanced  centrifugal  forces  which  are  developed  if  the  spin- 
dle is  not  round  and  true,  or  if  it  is  bent  or  sprung  in  any  way,  or  if  the 
bobbin  is  crooked  or  defective,  or  the  yarn  load  not  evenly  and  well  laid  on. 
In  considering  this  cause  of  deflection  it  must  not  be  forgotten  that  the  true 
test  by  which  to  try  the  endurance  of  a  spi^idle  is  to  put  it  ai  a  liujli  speed. 
Almost  any  will  run  well  if  run  slowly  enough,  but  centrifugal  forces  increase 
not  in  direct  proportion  to  the  speed,  but  as  the  square  of  the  velocity,  that 
is,  at  double  the  speed  the  centrifuoal  furce  is  quadrupled.  When  the  speed 
of  the  spindle  is  increased  from  G,000  to  8,000  revolutions  per  minute,  or 
one  third,  the  disturbing  effect  of  any  want  of  trueness  or  balance  in  spindle 
or  bobbin  is  increased  seventy-seven  per  cent.  This  is  a  sufficient  explana- 
tion of  the  fact  that  some  of  the  forms  of  common  spindles  yet  extant  can  be 
made  to  run  at  a  low  speed  so  as  to  present  a  very  tolerable  appearance  while 
they  remain  new  and  well  fitted  in  their  bearings.  Put  them  at  speeds  for 
which  the  Sawyer  is  adapted,  and  their  weak  points  become  apparent  at  once, 
especially  if  they  have  been  run  long  enough  to  get  down  to  ordinary  working 
condition. 

Another  agency  liable  to  cause  gyration  or  vibration  in  a  spindle  is  the  side 
pull  of  the  band  which  drives  it.  In  ordinary  cases  the  tension  of  the  driving 
band  depends  upon  the  discretion  —  or  rather  want  of  discretion  —  of  some 
small  boy,  or  other  person  exercising  no  judgment  in  the  matter,  except  to  get 
the  band  tight  enough.  We  have  found  bands  on  connnon  spindles  pulling  as 
much  as  sixteen  pounds.  Such  undue  tightness  is  liable  to  bend  the  spindle 
between  its  bearings  enough  to  cause  it  to  vibrate  badly.  Each  time  the  knot 
strikes  the  whirl,  which  happens  several  hundred  times  a  minute  ordinarily,  a 
jar  is  communicated  to  the  spindle,  sufficient,  if  other  things  cooperate,  to 
throw  it  into  a  state  of  vibration.  If  the  spindle  is  not  strong  enough  to  resist 
this  band  strain  it  camiot  run  steady  when  subjected  to  it. 

A  third  cause  of  unsteadiness  in  tlie  running  of  a  spindle  is  the  pull  of  the 
yarn,  which  will  be  unequal  and  unsteady  at  best,  and  still  more  so  if  the  rinofs 
are  eccentric  or  improperly  adjusted.  This  cause  of  deflection  is  of  course 
limited  by  the  breaking  strength  of  the  thread;  but  it  is  sufficient  to  start  a 
gyration  of  the  spindle  tip,  sometimes  by  itself,  and  again  by  acting  in  con- 
junction with  one  or  more  of  the  other  causes  named.  This  can  be  demon- 
strated satisfactorily  by  simple  experiments.  Again,  it  must  be  rememl)ered 
that  this  pull  operates  with  increasing  leverage  as  the  wind  nears  the  top  of 
the  traverse,  so  that  in  a  common  spindle  it  will  have  six  or  seven  inches  of 
leverage  through  which  to  act.  Tlie  same  is  true  of  a  "Pearl"  spindle,  so 
called,  and  it  has  a  more  disastrous  effect  on  such  a  structure  than  on  any 
other,  because  the  upper  half  of  the  bol)bin  is  left  unsupported  by  the  spindle, 
and  the  tendency  is  not  only  to  bend  the  bobbin  but  to  loosen  its  hold  on  the 
spindle. 

1* 


10 


THE  sawyi:r  spindle. 


These  and  other  kindred  causes  of  fryration  are  resisted  by  the  Sawyer 
Spindle,  1  ecause  by  canyinjr  up  the  bolster  the  sniiport  is  practically  brought 
nearer  to  the  load;  or.  to  stiite  it  in  another  way,  the  leverage  of  the  bending 
force  is  reduced.  How  important  this  change  is  in  enabling  the  spindle  tip 
to  resist  bendinf;  can  hardly  be  realized  without  considering  the  fact  that  the 
tendency  to  bend  of.  for  instance,  a  cylindrical  rod  fastened  at  one  end  and 
weiizhted  at  the  other  does  not  increase  or  decrease  in  direct  proportion  to  a 
chance  of  its  length,  but  varies  as  the  cube  of  its  length.  For  example,  if  the 
length  of  such  a  rod  were  halved,  it  would  bend,  theoretically,  only  one  eighth 
as  much  as  before.  This  is  substantially  what  is  accomplished  in  the  Sawyer 
as  compared  with  the  common  spindle,  and  the  reason  why  it  so  successfulh' 
resists  the  forces  which  in  other  spindles  cause  excessive  gyration  at  lower 
speeds. 

2.  At  the  same  time  that  the  elevated  bolster  of  the  Sawyer  Spindle  affords 
such  advantages  as  have  been  descril  ed  in  oflering  increased  resistance  to 
deflection  of  the  spindle  from  ifs  proper  position,  it  operates  in  at  least  three 
ways  to  reduce  the  causes  of  such  deflection  or  bending. 

In  the  first  place,  when  a  spindle  whose  bobbin  is  supported  entirely  above 
the  bolster  betrins  to  bend  away  from  its  vertical  position,  there  will  be  a  cer- 
tain part  of  the  weiirht  thrown  to  one  side,  tending  to  cause  more  bending 
from  unbalanced  centrifugal  force.  But  in  the  case  of  the  Sawder  Spindle, 
such  a  bendiiitr  would  throw  the  upper  part  of  the  bobbin  to  one  side  of  the 
axis,  and  the  lower  part  to  the  opposite  side:  the  trouble  tending  to  cure  itself 
from  the  very  nature  of  the  structure. 

A<rain,  on  any  sjtindle  but  the  Sawyer,  the  average  position  of  the  drag  of 
the  thread  is  half-way  up  the  bobbin,  so  that  the  distance  of  this  point  above 
the  bolster  rej)resents  its  mean  leverage  But  on  a  Sawyer  bobbin,  owing  to 
the  bolster  coming  up  nearly  to  the  middle  of  the  bobbin,  the  mean  point  of 
drag  of  the  thread  would  be  only  half  the  distance  between  the  bolster  and 
either  end  of  the  traverse:  so  that  this  force  acts  with  less  than  half  the 
leverage  to  bend  the  spindle  \\'\{\\  the  Sawder  construction  than  it  has  in  any 
other. 

And  yet  again:  The  amount  of  freedom  or  play  of  the  spindle  in  its  bolster 
beariuir  may  determine  the  extent  of  its  vibration  at  the  top.  A  monienfs 
reflection  will  show  that  in  such  a  case  the  amount  of  play  in  the  bolster  will 
be  exaggerated  at  the  top  f)f  the  spindle:  and  the  longer  the  distance  from 
the  top  of  the  bolster  to  the  top  of  the  bobbin,  compared  with  the  distance 
from  the  step  to  the  top  of  the  bolster,  the  more  it  will  be  exaggerated.  For 
example,  supp<  .v:e  the  top  of  the  bolster  is  just  midway  1  etwt en  the  step  and  the 
top  of  the  bobliin.  'i  hen  if  there  is  a  thirty-second  of  an  inch  i)lay  in  the 
bolster,  the  top  of  the  bobbin  may  be  moved  back  and  forth  twice  that  dis- 
tance, the  step  reniainint:  fixed.  The  nearer  the  bolster  is  carried  to  the  top 
of  the  bobbin,  the  less  deflection  of  the  spindle  and  bobbin  from  its  proper 
position  can  result  from  this  cause:  and  the  farther  the  step  is  carried  from  the 
top  of  the  bolster  the  better,  for  the  same  reasons.  Then  it  is  easy  to  see  that 
it  is  a  great  advantatre  in  this  res].ect  to  a  spindle  to  have  its  I  olster  and  step 
bearings  far  apart,  or  to  have  its  bolster  carried  up;  and  if  both  can  be  done 
at  once,  so  much  the  better.  Xow  comparison  of  the  Sawyer  Spindle  with 
others  will  show  that  it  has  a  much  oreater  distance  between  its  bearings  in 
proportion  to  its  length  above  the  bolster  than  any  other  has  or  can  have  and 
remain  a  practical  structure. 

3.  Because,  for  the  leasons  above  stated,  the  Sawyer  Spindle  will  resist  the 
strains  brought  upon  it  in  actual  use  l  etter  than  any  other,  while  at  the  same 
time  its  liability  to  such  strains  is  lessened,  it  will  also  ei;dure  to  be  reduced  in 
dianieter  from  the  coujuion  spindle  very  greatly,  and  still  retain  all  necessary 
strength.  The  direct  and  valuable  result  of  this  is,  that  the  bearings  are  made 
smaller,  and  so  the  power  required  to  drixe  the  spindle  is  reduced.  The 
cf'usumption  of  power  results  mainly  from  the  efiTect  of  friction  in  the  bear- 
ings. In  direct  proportion  as  the  dianieter  of  a  bearing  can  be  reduced,  a 
point  in  its  circumference  has  a  less  distance  to  travel  with  every  revolution, 
and  of  course  as  the  distance  is  diminished  the  necessary  power  is  decreased. 

4.  If  we  carry  up  the  bolster  sevtral  inches  upon  the  common  spindle,  it 


MECHANICAL  SUPERIORITY. 


11 


follows  that  as  much  may  be  cut  from  the  bottom  of  the  s{)indle  without  dis- 
turbing the  relationship  of  the  parts  to  the  detriment  of  the  structure.  This 
is  what  is  done  in  tlie  Sawyer  Spindle.  The  whirl  remains  wliere  it  was  before 
in  the  frame;  so  does  the  bolster  rail;  and  tiie  boljbin  is  not  moved  from  its 
former  place;  but  the  bottom  of  the  spindle  is  cut  off'  and  the  step  rail 
brought  up.  By  this  change  a  further  gain  and  a  great  one  is  made  in  the 
saving  of  power.  The  large  bolster  bearing,  instead  of  being  close  to  the 
whirl  is  now  the  farthest  removed,  and  the  small  step  bearing  is  brought  close 
to  the  whirl.  Inasmuch  as  the  principal  source  of  friction  in  the  spindle  bear- 
ings is  the  pressure  due  to  the  pull  of  the  band,  and  the  bearing  nearest  the 
whirl  takes  the  greater  part  of  this  pull,  the  advantage  is  obvious.  Notice 
that  this  advantage,  to  which  coupled  with  the  reduction  in  diameter  of  bear- 
ings the  economy  of  power  in  the  Sawyer  Spindle  is  mainly  due,  cannot  be  ob- 
tained in  any  other  way  without  bringing  in  other  effects  than  the  one  sought, 
which  at  once  prove  ruinous.  To  bring  the  step  up  to  the  whirl,  and  so  shorten 
the  spindle  between  its  bearings  while  it  remains  unchanged  above  the  bolster 
(as  is  done  in  the  ''Pearl,"  and  some  recent  common  s[)indlcs),  is  fatal  to  the 
value  of  the  spindle;  because  though  for  a  tiuie  a  gain  is  made  in  the  direc- 
tioii  of  saving  power,  causes  already  explained  operate  to  increase  vibration, 
heating,  and  wear,  and  to  necessitate,  at  least,  as  low  a  speed  as  the  old  com- 
mon spindle,  if  as  good  work  is  to  be  done. 

5.  The  attainment  of  greater  steadiness  with  smaller  bearings,  united  with 
the  excellent  facilities  of  thorough  lubrication,  which  are  applied  to  the  Saw- 
yer Spindle,  and  the  fact  that  the  reduced  power  required  can  be  communicated 
with  a  much  slacker  driving  band,  give  it  the  advantage  of  great  durability. 
The  nearly  ten  years'  operation  of  many  thousands  of  tiiem  which  remain  in 
good  condition  to-day,  having  run  at  high  speeds,  is  sufficient  proof  of  this. 

G.  Another  advantage  of  the  Sawyer  construction  is  found  in  the  fact  that 
not  only  is  heating  of  the  bolsters  extremely  unlikely  to  occur  with  ordinarily 
good  care,  but  if  any  heat  is  generated  it  is  not  communicated  to  the  bolster 
rail,  but  passes  off  before  traversing  the  length  of  the  tube  which  supports  the 
bolster. 

On  the  contrary,  with  spindles  having  their  bolster  bearings  in  the  rail,  un- 
less the  speed  is  very  low  it  is  conunon  to  find  the  bolster  rails  warmed  up  to 
a  temperature  from  ten  to  twenty  degrees  higher  than  that  of  other  parts  of 
the  frame.  This  heating  is  accompanied,  in  a  frame  of  ordinary  size,  by  suffi- 
cient expansion  of  the  rail  lengthwise  to  throw  the  spindles  and  lifting  rods 
nearest  the  ends  out  of  plumb,  and  cause  them  to  operate  with  greatly  in- 
creased friction,  and  wear,  and  waste  of  power,  and  in  extreme  cases  to  stick 
fast  in  their  bearings.  The  only  way  to  avoid  trouble  from  this  source  with 
such  spindles  is  to  have  them  fitted  in  their  bearings  with  sufficient  looseness 
to  prevent  their  sticking  when  the  bolster  is  thrown  somewhat  out  of  line  with 
the  step. 

With  the  Sawyer  Spindles  no  such  i)ecessity  exists,  and  as  a  consequence 
they  can  be,  and  in  practice  are,  fitted  much  more  closely  in  their  bearings 
than  others,  with  advantageous  results. 

7.  The  Sawyer  Spindle  supports  its  bobbin  and  -  keeps  it  steady  at  the 
point  where  it  is  most  important  that  the  bobbin  should  be  sustained  and 
steadied  —  the  top.  A  thorough  and  costly  series  of  experiments  in  connec- 
tion with  recent  litigation  has  anqjly  proved  that  a  spindle,  intended  to  do 
ordinary  duty  upon  warp  yarn,  whicli  terminates  materially  below  tlie  top  of 
its  bobbin,  as  in  the  "  Pearl"  and  kindred  structures,  is  not  worth  having. 
Tlie  reasons  are  plain.  Such  a  construction  substitutes  wood  to  do  duty  for 
steel  at  that  part  where  most  vibration  is  likely  to  occur  and  where  it  is  also 
most  undesirable.  It  gives  greater  prominence  and  power  for  harm  to  defects 
in  the  bobbin;  because  as  the  upper  bearing  in  the  bobbin  is  brought  nearer 
to  the  lower  one,  the  top  of  the  bobbin  is  thrown  to  one  side  or  the  other  by 
the  imperfect  fit  or  alignment  of  the  two  bearings,  or  the  presence  of  waste 
in  either  of  them.  It  also  gives  a  leverage  by  which  the  bobbin's  hold  upon 
the  spindle  may  be  loosened.  Again,  and  as  a  result  of  the  above,  it  con- 
sumes more  power  than  if  the  spindle  were  present  at  the  top  of  the  bobbin. 

8.  And,  finally,  because  the  Sawyer  Spindle  is  better  sustained,  better  pro- 


12 


THE  SAWYER  SPINDLE. 


portioned,  and  better  lubricated,  it  will  carry  a  larger  load  of  yarn,  at  a  higher 
speed,  with  less  vibration  and  producing  better  work  than  any  other  oi"  its 
class  yet  invented. 

In  this  review  of  the  mechanical  advantages  possessed  by  the  Sawyer 
structure,  many  other  minor  points  might  have  been  presented  and  enlarged 
upon  which  will  susrgest  themselves  to  the  thoughtful.  But  sufficient  has 
beeu  said  to  give  the  key  to  the  remarkable  success  of  the  Sawyer. 

POWER. 

A  very  large  proportion  of  the  whole  power  required  for  a  cotton  mill  is 
consumed  in  driving  the  spinning.  A  generally  accepted  estimate  has  been 
that  as  much  as  half  of  all  was  required  by  this  department,  and  when  the 
mill  was  organized  in  the  usual  way,  with  the  warp  yarn  spun  on  ring 
frames,  having  common  spindles,  and  the  filling  on  nuiles,  the  frames  would 
require  three  tenths  or  more  of  the  whole  power.  Of  course  this  estimate 
was  in  general  terms  and  liable  to  considerable  variation  under  different  cir- 
cumstances. It  is,  however,  sufficiently  accurate  to  justify  the  statement  that 
the  question  of  power  required  by  his  ring  spinning  is  one  of  great  impor- 
tance to  every  manufacturer,  especially  if  steam  is  the  motive  power.  In 
many  cases  where  there  is  little  or  no  margin  of  surplus  power,  or  where  it 
is  desirable  to  increase  product,  it  is  an  absolute  necessity  to  economize  by 
using  the  machinery  which,  other  things  being  equal,  will  run  the  lightest. 

A^'e  have  endeavored  to  show  some  of  the  reasons  why  the  Sawyer  Spindle 
takes  less  power  to  drive  it,  under  equal  conditions,  than  any  other  not  in- 
cluding the  same  principles  of  construction.  The  fact  that  it  does  so  cannot 
be  disproved.  Within  three  years  past  we  have  expended  several  thousand 
dollars  in  testing  various  forms  of  spindles  and  bobbins,  made  in  the  best 
manner,  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  power  required  to  drive  different 
structures,  as  well  as  their  qualities  for  performing  good  work  at  a  speed  of 
about  twenty-five  per  cent,  higher  than  the  average  speed  on  similar  work  in 
]871.  We  have  endeavored  to  discover  the  natural  laws  aflfecting  the  run- 
ning of  spindles,  and  feel  sure  we  have  learned  some  things  not  known  before 
to  ourselves  or  any  others  we  have  couie  in  contact  with. 

One  thing  we  have  found  out  to  a  certainty,  and  that  is  that  the  term 
"light  spindles"  is  misleading.  People  assume  that  because  spindles  are 
light,  they  on  that  account  do  their  work  just  as  well  and  take  less  power  in 
proportion  to  their  weight. 

This  conclusion  is  a  <rreat  mistake.  If  ajl  the  element  of  weight  could 
be  extracted  frou)  a  tsvelve-ounce  spindle  (the  common  weight  of  most  of 
the  old  spindles  in  use)  leaving  the  size  of  bearings  and  the  other  qualities 
the  same,  then  only  eight  per  cent,  of  the  power  required  to  drive  the  spin- 
(Uts  alone  would  be  saved.  Consequently  the  Sawyer  Spindle,  which  weighs 
about  four  ounces,  only  saves  six  per  cent,  of  the  power  required  to  drive  the 
common  twelve-ounce  spindle,  on  account  of  its  great  reduction  in  weight 
simply.  The  great  saving  in  power,  as  well  as  the  capacity  to  carry  the 
same  load  at  a  higher  speed  more  steadily,  is  due  to  the  radical  differences 
in  supporting  the  spindle  and  its  load,  as  has  been  explained  in  the  preceding 
pages. 

The  side  pull  of  the  band  that  drives  the  spindles  is  a  very  important  factor 
in  spinnin<r.  Mr.  Sawver,  the  inventor  of  the  Sawyer  Spindle,  has  invented 
an  ingenious  method  of  ascertaining  the  amount  that  each  band  pulls  upon 
its  spindle.  Upon  testing  different  frames  in  different  mills  we  have  foun<l 
that  the  amount  of  this  side  pull  is  astonishing  to  those  who  have  not  ob- 
served how  this  matter  is  managed.  We  have  found  it  in  some  mills  pretty 
uniformly  between  four  and  five  pounds,  but  in  one  of  the  largest  mills  in 
New  England  we  found  a  difference  of  from  <>ne  to  sixteen  pounds  pull  to  do 
the  same  work.  Just  think  of  ap|)lying  sixteen  times  as  much  power  to  one 
spindle  as  to  another  in  the  same  frame! 

Spindles  witii  small  bearings  like  the  Saw\er  do  not  need  tight  bands  to 
drive  them.  A  band  pulling  one  pound  upon  the  whirl  will  drive  a  Sawyer 
Spindle  up  to  speed,  as  we  know  by  experiment.    This  is  perhaps  too  low  a 


PO  WEK  —  D  YNAMOMETER  TESTS. 


13 


figure  to  be  practical,  but  the  average  tension  of  bands  on  such  spindles 
should  not  be  above  two  pounds.  But  what  is  the  custom  generally  pre- 
vailing? We  find  in  various  mills  Sawyer  Spindle  bands  pulling  on  an  aver- 
age five  or  six  pounds,  and  frequent  single  instances  of  bands  at  a  tension  of 
ten  or  twelve  pounds,  which  is  more  tlian  is  required  by  the  old  common 
heavy  spindles.  No  doubt  even  this  is  exceeded;  since  we  hear  stories  of 
bands  being  tightly  tied  on  the  spindles  and  pried  on  to  the  whirl  with  a 
screw-driver  or  other  convenient  implement.  True,  there  are  instances  where 
the  overseer  appreciates  the  matter  and  gives  personal  attention  to  securing  as 
nearly  as  possible  an  even  and  proper  tension,  but  these  cases  are  by  no 
means  universal. 

In  order  better  to  appreciate  the  importance  of  this  matter  of  banding,  let 
us  look  for  a  moment  at  its  effect  upon  power  consumed :  — 

Suppose  a  frame  of  Sawyer  Spindles  running  at  a  speed  of  7,000  revolutions 
per  minute,  with  an  average  band  pull  of  two  pounds.  A  fair  estimate  of  the 
power  for  the  frame  is  4.400  foot  pounds  per  second  per  spindle.  Of  this, 
about  60  per  cent.,  or  2.640  foot  pounds,  would  be  due  to  the  cylinder  and 
spitidles.  If  now  the  band  pull  were  increased  to  three  pounds,  we  find  by 
computation  that  the  power  required  would  be  increased  about  0.350  foot 
pounds,  or  13  per  cent. 

If  increased  to  4  pounds,  the  increase  of  power 
li  5     "  "  " 

«  6  a  n  u 

u  7  u 

u  8  u  <c  u 

»  9  u  u 

and  if  increased  to  10  pounds,  the  power  would  be  more  than  doubled ! 

But  the  matter  does  not  end  here.  This  increase  in  power  required  must 
of  course  be  accompanied  by  premature  wearing  out  of  spindles,  bolsters,  and 
steps,  and  by  increased  vibration  of  spindles  and  poorer  work. 

In  connection  with  this  subject  we  desire  to  call  attention  to  the  subject  of 
dynamometer  tests  made  for  the  purpose  of  comparing  different  spinning 
frames  containing  different  kinds  of  spindles.  In  such  cases  the  object  of  the 
manufacturer  is  generally  to  learn  which  spindle  takes  the  least  power.  If  he 
is  to  get  at  the  truth  of  the  matter,  the  spindles  in  the  frames  to  be  compared 
must  be  banded  just  alike,  unless  the  construction  is  such  as  to  require  tighter 
bands  to  drive  one  kind  of  spindle  than  are  needed  on  the  other,  as  would  be 
the  case  in  comparing  common  and  Sawyer  Spindles.  If  there  is  to  be  any 
difference,  it  should  be  stated  just  what  it  is.  The  frames  must  also  be  tested 
with  the  rolls  out  of  gear,  and  only  the  cylinder  and  spindles  running;  other- 
wise no  man  can  tell,  if  there  is  a  difference  between  two  frames,  whether  it  lies 
in  the  running  of  the  spindles,  or  in  some  other  part  of  the  mechanism.  Of 
course,  if  the  difference  in  power  is  due  to  a  difference  in  friction  in  some 
other  part  of  the  frame  than  the  spindles,  a  statement  merely  of  the  results  of 
weighing  the  whole  of  each  frame  conveys  a  false  impression.  There  should 
also  be  some  means  adopted  for  securing  equal  tension  of  the  belts  driving  the 
frame,  if  tlie  whole  power  is  not  much  greater  for  one  frame  than  the  other. 

Careful  consideration  of  all  these  points  we  insist  upon  in  dynamometer 
tests  made  for  us;  and  every  manufticturer  who  seeks  to  get  at  \X\e  facts 
should  do  the  same.  Of  course  all  the  other  important  particulars  as  to 
speed,  traverse,  diameter  of  ring,  weight  of  yarn  put  on  a  bobbin,  etc.,  will  be 
stated,  in  order  to  afford  a  means  of  thoroughly  understanding  the  results. 
Without  such  care  in  conducting  comparative  tests,  and  fullness  of  detail  in 
stating  the  results,  dynamometer  weighing  of  spinning  frames  cannot  fail  to  be 
worse  than  useless,  if  made  for  the  purposes  assumed.  One  thing  more  should 
be  remembered,  —  the  question  of  power  should  never  be  considered,  in  com- 
paring different  spindles,  without  reference  to  the  amount  produced,  and  the 
amount  carried  by  a  full  bobbin  or  cop. 

Instead  of  giving  in  this  book  details  of  actual  tests  of  power  required  to 
drive  Sawyer  spinning,  we  have  concluded  to  state  simply  the  number  of  spin- 
dles which  may  be  driven  by  one  horse-power  at  different  speeds,  if  the  frames 


=  26  per  cent. 

=  40  u 
=  53  u 
^  66 

=  80  u 
=  93  u 


14 


THE  SAWYER  SPINDLE. 


are  in  fair  average  coudition,  and  the  bands  at  the  proper  tension.  We  will 
assume  the  spindles  to  be  those  in  most  general  use,  and  spinning  No.  30  warp 
}arn,  with  a  five-inch  traverse,  and  a  one  and  five  eighths  inch  ring. 


Speed  of  Spindles  in  Revs.  Ko.  of  Spindles  to 

Per  Minute.  One  H.  P. 

G,000    150 

6,500    138 

7,000    125 

7,500    110 

8,000    95 


This  statement  is  based  on  actual  tests.  The  average  power  is  given:  that 
is,  the  mean  between  the  power  lequired  when  spinning  with  empty  bobbins 
and  when  tlie  liobbins  are  lull.  We  have  af-sumed  a  number,  ring,  and  trav- 
erse, as  stated  above,  and  confined  the  statement  to  those  conditions,  because 
the  length,  diameter,  and  weight  of  tiie  cop.  as  well  as  the  weight  and  speed 
of  the  traveler,  are  all  elements  afi'ecting  the  power  to  an  important  extent, 
and  requiring  the  judgment  of  an  expert  to  assign  their  probable  influence 
upon  the  result. 

A  point  generally  observed  in  dynamometer  tests  of  Sawyer  Spindles  which 
proves  what  has  been  said  about  their  capacity  for  carrying  their  load  well,  is 
that  the  difttrence  between  the  power  required  when  the  bobbins  are  empty 
and  when  they  are  full  is  smaller  with  the  Sawyer,  as  a  rule,  than  with  any 
other  spindle  carrying  an  equal  weight  of  bobbin  and  yarn.  This  tends  to  a 
reduction  of  the  average  power,  and  shows  the  meritorious  qualities  of  the 
spindle. 

INTRODUCTION  OF  THE  SAWYER  SPINDLE. 

In  the  deposition  of  our  senior.  Mr.  George  Draper,  in  the  course  of  the 
recent  suit  of  Oliver  Pearl  and  others  against  the  Appleton  and  Hamilton 
con)panies  of  Lowell,  a  quite  full  history  of  the  Sawyer  Spindle,  and  our  in- 
troduction of  it,  is  given.  AVe  reprint  from  his  testimony  bearing  on  the  sub- 
ject such  portions  as  we  believe  will  be  found  interesting  by  many  who  read 
this  book,  including  Mr.  Draper  s  account  of  some  of  his  early  experiences. 

Boston,  Ai'guM  6,  1878. 

"  l?it.  1.    Pleape  state  your  name,  age,  residence,  and  occupation. 

<'  A)is.  George  Draper;  sixty  ;  Hopedale,  Milford,  .Mass. ;  1  consider  it  niy  prin- 
cipal occupation  to  devi.<e  improvements  in  cotton  machinery  and  introduce  them 
into  actual  use.  I  am  also  connected  with  the  manufacture  of  various  kinds  of 
cotton  machinery. 

'*  Int.  2.  State  as  briefly  as  you  may  be  able,  in  order  to  convey  an  adequate 
notion  of  the  subject,  the  extent  of  your  experience  as  a  practical  operative  iu 
cotton  mills,  and  as  a  manufacturer  of  niacliinery  in  u?e  in  such  mills. 

Ans.  At  the  age  of  fourteen  —  at  any  rate  before  1  was  fifteen  —  I  lift  home 
and  went  to  work  in  what  was  called  the  Crown  and  Eagle  Mill.*,  at  North  Ux- 
bridge.  Mass.  I  commenced  work,  I  recollect,  on  the  seventh  day  of  July,  1832. 
I  went  to  work  with  my  brother,  who  was  then  an  overseer  of  weaving  in  one  of 
those  mills,  to  learn  to  weave  and  take  care  of  looms.  After  working  with  him  a 
}ear  or  more  at  that  business  I  learned  to  tend  what  is  termed  a  dressing  frame. 
The  frame  1  tended,  one  end  of  it,  came  right  up  near  the  warp  spinning  frames, 
without  any  partition  between.  I  had  a  good  chance  to  observe  the  operation  of 
them,  and  well  recollect  having  the  skin  knocked  ofT  my  fingers  in  tr\ing  to  piece 
up  ends.  These  frames  were  the  live-fl\er  spindles,  different  from  the  flyer  as 
shown  iu  Exhibit  42,  the  fl\  er  being  .screwed  directly  upon  the  top  of  the  spindle. 
The  other  spinning  in  the  mill  consisted  of  hand  mules  of  a  peculiar  kind  called 
box  organ  mules.  The  numbers  of  the  yarn  in  that  mill  at  that  time  were  forty- 
two  lor  filling  and  thirty-eight  for  warp.  As  an  indication  of  the  progress  of 
changes  in  niachii.ery,  1  would  say  that  no  such  spinning  frames  have  teen  built 
in  this  country,  I  tiiink,  for  the  last  thirty-five  years.  The  hand  mules  are 
changed  for  self-operators,  begun  more  than  thirty  years  ago.  Dressing  frames 
are  almost  entirely  superseded  by  what  are  known  as  slashers. 


ACCOUNT  OF  ITS  INTRODUCTION. 


15 


"  After  working  there  two  or  three  years  in  all  I  next  went  to  the  Union  Mill,  at 
Walpole,  Mass.  The  man  I  went  with  was  an  excellent  mathematician  and  me- 
chanic, he  having  been  educated  at  West  Point.  The  mill  had  been  standing  for 
some  years,  and  ever>  tiling  was  completely  out  of  order,  the  water-wheel  not  ex- 
cepted. I  commenced  helping  balance  the  water-wheel.  I  worked  some  in  the 
repair  shop,  and  I  personally  helped  start  every  machine  in  the  mill,  from  the 
picker  to  the  loom,  with  my  own  hands.  We  started  the  mill  up  to  make  the  same 
numbers  of  yarn  and  the  same  kind  of  cloth  made  at  the  Crown  and  Eagle  Mills  I 
have  before  mentioned,  the  proprietor  being  the  same.  This  was  a  hard  thing  to 
do  on  the  machinery  we  had,  and  was  the  best  school  to  learn  to  get  along  under 
difficulties  I  ever  encountered.  At  the  age  of  seventeen  I  had  charge  of  the  looms 
and  the  dressing  and  preparing  tlie  cloth  for  the  market. 

"  My  next  place  of  residence  where  I  went  to  work  in  the  mill  was  at  a  place 
called  Three  Rivers,  in  Massachusetts,  a  mill  owned  by  the  Palmer  Company.  This 
mill  was  then  one  of  the  most  prominent  mills  in  the  country  for  its  size  and  the 
character  of  the  work  produced.  It  contained  two  hundred  and  fifty  looms  or 
thereabouts.  The  warp  was  No.  42,  I  think,  and  the  filling  No.  50.  I  shortly 
became  ovei'.«eer  of  weaving,  and  remained  there  about  five  years.  The  agent  was 
one  of  the  most  promiLient  and  best  practical  manufacturers  of  that  day.  He  used 
to  discuss  with  me  every  point  in  the  economy  of  cotton  manufacture. 

"  While  there  I  made  my  first  invention  on  which  a  patent  was  secured,  it  being 
an  improvement  on  the  revolving  temple,  so  called,  of  which  my  father  was  the 
original  inventor.  That  patent  went  into  the  hands  of  my  brothers,  and  hundreds 
of  thousands,  or  more  than  one  hundred  thousand  pairs  were  sold,  and  the  inven- 
tion was  worth  not  less  than  $^50,000  to  those  who  controlled  it.  Not  long  iifter 
that  patent  was  granted,  my  brother  came  to  see  me  and  got  me  to  take  hold,  with 
him,  of  some  improvement  in  what  were  termed  jaw  temples,  and  I  made  an  ar- 
rangement with  him  to  leave  the  mill  and  travel  among  manufacturers,  to  intro- 
duce the  different  kinds  of  temples  that  he  and  I  were  interested  in.  I  spent  about 
a  }ear,  as  I  recollect,  in  that  way,  and  not  having  an  interest  in  the  revolving 
temple  which  was  established,  I  sunk  all  the  money  I  had  previously  laid  aside, 
and  got  into  debt  some  besides.  I  then  went  to  work  in  the  Massachusetts  Cotton 
Mills  at  Lowell,  as  fourth  hand  in  the  weaving  room,  at  five  shillings  a  day.  Alter 
working  awhile  at  that  rate,  I  was  able  to  rent  a  tenement  belonging  to  the  corpo- 
ration, at  the  rate  of  8r25  a  }ear,  in  the  second  story  of  a  brick  block,  and  while  at 
work  under  these  circumstances,  my  oldest  son  and  present  partner,  A\illiam  F. 
Draper,  was  born.  I  worked  there  for  about  a  couple  of  years,  never  having  re- 
ceived during  that  time  over  SI. 25  per  day. 

"I  next  went  to  work,  in  1843,  for  Edward  Harris,  at  Woonsocket,  R.  I.  My 
work  there  was  to  kt-ep  the  fancy  looms  and  other  looms  for  weaving  fancy  cassi- 
meres  and  other  cloths  in  order,  lie  made  mostly  woolen  goods,  fancy  cassimeres  ; 
he  also  made  nther  goods,  cotton  warjjS  and  woolen  filling. 

"I  next  went  to  work  to  superintend  a  single  cotton  mill  belonging  to  the  Otis 
Company  at  Ware,  Mass.  The  mill  at  that  time  was  making  denims,  blue  warp 
and  white  filling,  the  yarn  being  about  No.  12.  They  were  building  two  new  mills 
at  the  time,  one  to  contain  two  hundred  and  the  other  two  hundred  and  seventy- 
five  looms.  As  soon  as  the  one  containing  two  hundred  looms  was  completed,  or 
soon  after  it  was  completed,  I  was  given  charge  of  that  also.  After  working  a  year 
or  two,  or  I  think  it  was  three  or  four  \ears,  1  left  for  about  a  year,  during  which 
time  I  again  traveled  among  the  various  cotton  mills  of  New  England  and  the 
Middle  States,  to  introduce  various  improvements.  I  returned  then  again  to  Ware, 
and  took  charge  of  lour  mills,  all  belonging  to  the  Otis  Company,  on  various  styles 
of  goods,  and  containing  in  all  about  thirty  thousand  spindles.  I  dou"t  know  the 
exact  number. 

I  continued  in  that  employment  till  some  time  in  the  spring  or  summer  of  1852, 
when  1  left  and  took  hold  with  my  brother,  E.  D.  Draper,  of  the  business  of  in- 
troducing such  things  as  he  tiien  had  among  manufacturers,  and  in  1853  I  moved 
to  Ilopedale  where  I  now  live,  and  since  that  time  I  think  I  have  spent  more  than 
half  my  niglits,  and  I  know  1  have  more  than  half  my  days,  in  the  different  cot- 
ton manufacturing  establishments  in  New  England  and  in  the  Middle  States  and  on 
1113'  way  to  and  from  them,  and  in  other  ways  connected  with  the  business  of  im- 
proving cotton  machinery.  I  think  since  that  time  I  have  secured  more  than 
forty  patents  on  inventions  of  my  own  in  endeavors  to  improve  such  machinery.  I 
think  I  have  paid  nearly  hall  a  million  dollars  to  inventors  for  their  different  in- 
ventions aud  royalties  on  them,  and  spent  neaiiy  or  quite  as  much  more  on  ex- 
periments and  expenses  in  introducing  the  various  inventioi;s  that  I  am  and  have 
been  interested  in.  My  ambition  and  aim  has  been  to  so  improve  the  cotton  ma- 
chinery of  this  country  as  compared  with  others  as  to  enable  us  to  compete  with 


16 


THE  SAWYER  SPINDLE. 


foreign  nations,  in  spite  of  a  higher  cost  of  labor,  for  tlie  markets  of  tlie  world,  and 
I  believe  I  could  get  a  vote  of  the  treasurers  and  superintendents  of  the  cotton 
mills  of  New  England  that  the  improvements  I  and  chose  associated  with  me  have 
introduced  and  the  efforts  we  have  made  have  raised  that  standard  more  than 
twenty  per  cent. 

"  1  find  in  all  cases,  almost  without  exception,  that  all  of  the  principal  machine 
shops  are  opposed  to  the  introduction  of  improvements,  for  the  reason  that  it  is 
very  costly  for  them  to  make  the  necessary  changes,  and  it  takes  the  personal  atten- 
tion of  the  leading  men  to  the  details  that  are  required,  and  every  point  has  to  be 
considered  ;  while  in  order  to  duplicate  machinei-y  they  have  only  to  give  the 
order,  the  patterns  and  the  drawings  and  everything  being  ready  for  it  and  their 
hands  being  accustomed  to  do  it. 

Int.  3.  Who  have  been  your  partners  and  what  the  styles  of  your  firms 
since  1853,  and  what  classes  of^cotton  machinery  have  you  principally  manufact- 
ured since  then  ? 

"  Ans.  We  have  done  business  a  portion  of  the  time  under  the  firm  of  E.  D.  & 
G.  Draper  ;  a  portion  of  tlie  time  under  the  name  of  George  Draper  alone,  I  be- 
lieve ;  afterwards,  under  the  name  of  George  Draper  &  Son,  and  now  under  the 
firm  name  of  George  Draper  &  Sous. 

"  1  have  also  been  connected  with  other  partners  in  manufacturing  some  ma- 
chinery and  am  connected  with  three  or  four  corporations  formed  under  the  gen-, 
eral  laws  of  Massachusetts  for  manufacturing  machinery  now.  Among  those  cor- 
porations are  the  Hopedale  Machine  Company,  the  Sawyer  Spindle  Company,  the 
Ilopedale  Furnace  Company,  and  the  Dutcher  Temple  Company. 

We  have  not  engaged  in  making  new  machinery  generally,  though  we  build 
new  machines  in  various  departments.  Our  principal  work  has  been  in  making  the 
necessary  parts  to  adapt  our  improvements  to  machinery  already  in  use.  By  this 
means  we  get  the  manufacturers  acquainted  with  the  operation  of  the  improvements  ; 
then  when  they  order  new  machinery  of  the  principal  shops  they  will  demand  that 
those  improvements  be  incorporated  in  the  new  machines.  For  instance,  in  in- 
troducing the  Sawyer  Spindle  we  have  made  the  parts  necessary  to  take  tlie  old 
spindles  out  of  the  frames  and  put  the  Sawyer  in  their  places  to  the  number  of  over 
four  hundred  thousand  spindles,!  nearly  as  many  as  all  the  principal  shops  have 
built  in  connection  with  new  machinery.  We  don't  build  new  frames  to  compete 
with  them  in  the  market  and  take  away  their  business,  because  we  want  them  to 
adopt  our  improvements.  We  build,  however,  for  looms  nearly  or  quite  all  the  tem- 
ples used  in  tlie  country  and  have  done  so  for  years.  I  think  we  have  built  more  warp- 
ing machines  than  all  other  shops  put  together  for  the  last  five  years.  We  are  also 
building  twisters,  spoolers,  and  various  other  machines  and  parts  of  machines  u.«ed 
in  cotton  manufacture,  and  we  have  now  on  our  account  books  the  names  of  al- 
most all  the  cotton  manufacturers  of  the  United  States  of  any  prominence. 

"  Int.  4.  When  did  you  begin  to  engage  in  the  manufacture  and  introduction 
of  the  Sawyer  Spindle,  and  what  efforts  did  you  make  and  cause  to  be  made  to  pro- 
mote its  adoption  by  the  cotton  mills  ? 

"  An':.  I  began  to  make  the  arrangements  to  build  and  introduce  Sawyer  Spin- 
dles in  the  month  of  February,  1871.  I  had  previously  seen  the  Sawyer  Spindles 
running  in  a  frame  in  the  Appletoo  Mills  at  Lowell  not  long  before.  I  was  invited 
to  see  this  frame  by  Mr.  Jacob  II.  Sawyer,  agent  of  the  Appleton  Company.  He 
had  invited  me  to  see  the  frame,  as  he  told  me,  with  the  intention,  if  I  approved  of 
it,  of  getting  me  or  my  firm  to  take  an  interest  in  its  introduction  into  use.  I  went 
into  the  mill  to  see  the  frame  ;  I  did  see  it,  and  was  astonished  at  what  1  saw.  I  did 
not  fully  understand  its  construction,  but  to  see  so  small  a  spindle  carrying  so  large 
a  bobbin  with  such  a  heavy  load  of  yarn  upon  it  seemed  almost  incredible.  I  went 
to  the  frame,  and  the  first  thing  I  did  was  to  put  my  thumb-nail  under  the  bottom 
of  the  bobbin  as  it  was  running  on  the  spindle  and  lift  up  tlie  bobbin  about  half  an 
inch,  then  take  my  thumb  away  from  it  and  it  dropped  down  into  place  again.  I 
then  raised  it  up  still  higher  and  repeated  the  operation  several  times,  and  in  all 
cases  it  settled  back  to  its  proper  position,  and  continued  doing  its  work  well  and 
properly.  From  that  moment  I  had  as  full  faith  that  a  spindle  constructed  sub- 
stantially like  that  would  take  the  place  of  all  other  ring  spindles,  as  1  have  to-day 
after  having  sold  a  million  of  them,  and  seen  very  few  sold  in  this  country  or  any 
other  that  do  not  have  the  principle  of  raising  up  the  step  bearing  and  bolster 
beanng  to  keep  a  suitable  distance  between  them  in  proportion  to  the  distance  of 
the  top  of  the  bobbin  above  the  bolster,  and  at  the  same  time  reducing  the  bolster 
and  step  bearings  to  the  smallest  size  consistsnt  with  properly  supporting  the  bob- 
bin and  its  load  of  yarn,  which  both  spindle  and  bobbin  are  made  to  carry.  I  imme- 
diately entered  upon  the  matter  of  making  an  arrangement  with  Mr.  Jacob  II. 
Sawyer  above  spoken  of,  then  went  to  work  with  all  my  mind,  might,  and  strength 


1  This  was  in  1878. 


ACCOUNT  OF  ITS  INTRODUCTION. 


17 


to  get  these  spindles,  bobbins,  bolsters,  and  steps  in  the  best  form  for  practical  use, 
and  also  commenced  showing  the  new  spindle  to  the  principal  cotton  mill  engineers 
and  all  the  principal  manufacturers  of  machinery,  as  well  as  all  others  interested  in 
cotton  manufiicture.  Such  an  interest  was  created  in  the  matter  that  I  think 
about  the  first  of  March  the  board  of  government  of  the  New  England  Cotton  Manu- 
facturers' Association  had  become  so  interested  in  the  matter  that  they  invited  Mr. 
Sawyer  and  myself  to  prepare  some  matter  on  the  subject  of  spinning,  having  ref- 
erence to  the  new  spindle  with  proper  steps  and  bolsters,  to  be  put  before  the  meet- 
ing of  said  association  to  be  held  on  the  19th  of  April  of  tliat  year.  They  also  sent 
notice  to  all  the  members  of  said  association,  which  consists  of  a  large  number  of 
treiisurers,  agents,  and  superintendents  of  cotton  mills  in  Xew  England  and  the 
Middle  States,  and  even  quite  a  number  from  the  South,  and  when  the  meeting  took 
place  Mr.  Sawyer  made  an  address,  which  has  been  put  in  evidence  as  Exhibit  94. 
This  discussion,  and  what  I  and  my  associates  had  previously  done,  excited  such 
an  interest  in  the  Sawyer  Spindle  as  I  had  never  seen  in  the  case  of  any  former  im- 
provement.   It  was  universally  admitted  to  be  of  the  utmost  importance. 

"  It  would  be  tedious  for  me  to  undertake  to  detail  all  that  I  did  diu-ing  that 
February,  March,  April,  May,  June,  July,  and  August,  but  I  did  all  that  I  was  ca- 
pable of  doing  to  introduce  the  spindle  properly  into  actual  use,  and  to  call  people's 
attention  to  the  advantages  to  be  derived  from  it.  I  will  state,  however,  that  I 
first  went  to  an  experienced  spindle  maker  of  good  reputation  ;  I  told  him  that  I 
wanted  he  should  prepare  to  make  a  million  spindles  ;  I  told  him  I  should  n-t 
want  them  all  at  once,  but  I  was  sure  that  I  should  want  them  sooner  or  later, 
probably  faster  than  he  could  make  them  ;  but  first  I  wanted  a  few  samples,  and 
as  soon  as  I  got  them  I  should  order  several  thousand  spindles.  I  told  him  that  I 
wanted  them  made  of  the  best  steel  that  could  be  procured,  and  in  the  best  man- 
ner. ^Vhen  we  got  the  spindles,  I  made  up  my  mind  to  test  them  by  running 
them  nine  thousand  turns  a  minute,  some  fifteen  hundred  or  two  thousand  turns 
faster  than  we  intended  to  run  them  in  actual  use,  and  I  told  him  that  all  that 
would  not  bear  that  speed  and  run  steadily  would  be  rejected.  I  tliink  I  was  the 
first  to  introduce  that  way  of  testing  spindles,  and  that  it  has  been  quite  generally 
adopted  by  the  best  spindle-makers  in  this  country  and  in  England.  Their  cus- 
tomers require  tests  to  be  made  in  this  way.    I  know  they  do  in  some  instances. 

"  My  next  endeavor  was  to  secure  good  bobbins,  one  of  the  most  diflBcult  things 
to  procure  compared  with  the  best  possible,  that  there  is  used  in  connection  with 
cotton  machinery.  I  went  to  Messrs.  Parker  &  Cheney,  of  Lowell,  Mr.  Cheney  hav- 
ing been  superintendent  of  the  Merrimack  Mills,  and  au  old  acquaintance  of  mine. 
I  told  them  I  wanted  to  engage  a  hundred  thousand  bobbins  ;  I  did  n't  want  them 
all  delivered  at  once,  but  I  wanted  them  to  understand  that  they  would  have  an 
opportunity  to  make  enough  for  me  to  pay  them  well  for  making  such  new  tools  as 
would  be  required,  and  for  getting  a  suflicient  amount  of  stock  on  hand  as  would 
enable  them  to  fill  orders  promptly.  1  told  them  that  I  thought  the  bobbins  as 
usually  made  were  entirely  unfit  for  the  use  the}-  were  intended  for,  and  I  asked 
them  what  proportion  of  the  whole  number  they  made  would  need  to  be  thrown  out 
upon  being  tried  on  a  single  spindle  running  nine  thousand  turns  a  minute,  in  or- 
der to  have  those  not  rejected  run  properly.  They  told  me  they  thought  twenty- 
five  per  cent.,  and  they  said  they  never  couid  afl'ord  to  do  it,  because  people  were 
bound  to  buy  bobbins  at  the  lowest  price.  I  told  them  the  bobbins  that  would 
not  run  true  were  worth  far  more  to  them  for  fire-wood  than  they  would  be  to  their 
customers  to  use  upon  spindles.  I  told  them  to  add  twenty-five  per  cent,  to  their 
prices,  have  a  spindle  put  into  their  shop,  test  every  bobbin  themselves  before  it 
left  the  shop,  at  nine  thousand  turns  a  minute,  and  1  should  instruct  our  custom- 
ei-s  to  order  their  bobbins  with  the  understanding  that  all  that  would  not  bear  that 
test  would  be  rejected  and  returned  to  them. 

''I  then,  feeling  it  in  my  bones  that  this  thing  had  got  lo  come  into  general  use, 
reflected  upon  the  best  size  to  m.ake,  lor  instance,  the  step-bearing.  I  alteied  the 
form  of  the  step-bearing  by  making  it  what  I  teimed  a  jcmxal  bearing,  so  as  to 
bear  the  side  pull  of  the  band  upon  the  spindle,  small  as  the  step  bearing  is.  I 
had  also  to  consider  the  size  of  the  bolster  bearirg  to  have  that  sufliciently  large 
to  support  the  spindle,  with  all  the  contingencies  it  vv::s  suljected  to,  without  being 
so  large  as  to  consume  an  unnecessary  au.ount  of  power.  I  established  the  size  of 
this  step  tearing  against  the  protests  of  such  machine  builders  as  the  superinten- 
dent of  the  Whitin  Machine  Woiks  ai.d  William  H.  Thcn  pson,  who  bad  teen  at 
the  head  of  the  Saco  Water  Power  and  Machine  Crn  pan},  and  various  others,  I 
might  say  almost  all  other  machine  shops,  and  neither  the  size  of  the  bolster  or 
step  bearing  as  established  for  spindles  carrying  bobbins  for  a  five-inch  traver.'e  has 
been  changed  from  that  day  to  this,  and  Mr.  Taft,  superintendent  of  the  'Whitin 
Machine  Works,  who  has  put  in  hundreds  ot  thousands  of  these  spindles  for  his 


18 


THE  SAWYER  SPINDLE. 


customers,  told  me  within  a  fortnight  that  he  opposed  my  introducing  the  step 
bearing  as  small  as  it  is  in  my  interest,  believing  it  would  not  work  well,  but  that 
it  was  now  proved  that  I  was  right  and  he  was  wrong. 

"  I  also  fixed  the  position  of  the  step  rail  with  reference  to  the  bolster  rail  just  so 
as  to  enable  the  spindles  to  be  properly  supported,  and  taken  out  and  put  in  con- 
veniently, and  th:it  standard  has  been  adopted  and  adhered  to  on  Sawyer  frames 
generally,  and  others,  seeing  the  advantage,  have  copied  it  and  profited  by  it. 

I  also  fixed  and  had  steam  gauges  made,  plugs  for  the  sizes  of  the  holes  in  the 
bolster  and  step  rails ;  and  I  did  so  many  things  that  I  shall  not  try  to  tell  all ; 
but  one  thing  I  am  sure  1  did  :  I  succeeded  in  attracting  the  attention  of  cotton 
manufacturers  to  the  advantages  to  be  derived  from  having  an  extended  bolster,  a 
bolster  extended  upwards  from  the  bolster  rail,  and  the  bringing  up  the  step  bear- 
ing as  near  as  possible  to  the  whirl,  leaving  the  step  and  bolster  bearings  as  far 
apart  as  was  necessary  to  steady  the  spindle  and  bobbin  at  their  tops,  and  at  the 
same  time  have  the  bolster  bearing  in  such  a  position  that  it  would  not  communi- 
cate heat  to  the  bolster  rail,  and  both  bearings  so  small  that  when  the  spindle  was 
run  at  a  high  rate  of  speed  the  amount  of  friction  was  too  small  to  generate  heat 
to  any  injurious  extent."' 


Int.  6.  Of  what  manufacturers  of  cotton  machinery  did  you  call  the  atten- 
tion to  the  Sawyer  spindle  during  the  early  part  of  the  year  1871? 

Ans.  I  understand  this  question  to  call  for  those  that  1  called  the  attention 
of  it  to  outside  of  the  meeting  of  the  Cotton  Manufacturers"  Association.  I  called 
the  attention  of  Amos  D.  Lockwood  to  it,  I  think  ;  at  any  rate,  I  consulted  him 
about  it.  and  he  ordered  two  frames  to  be  built  by  the  Saco  ^\'ater  Power  Company 
shop  early  in  April,  1871.  if  I  now  recollect :  it  might  have  been  earlier  than  that. 
He  is  one  of  the  most  prominent  cotton  mill  engineers  in  the  country.  I  have  en- 
joyed his  acquaintance  for  about  forty  years.  I  consider  his  judgment  excellent ; 
his  experience  as  a  practical  manufacturer  is  second  to  none  that  I  know  of,  and  I 
counseled  with  him  about  the  success  of  the  spindle.  He  ivent  to  Lowell  to  see 
the  frame  that  was  running  in  the  Appleton  Mills.  He  has  since  built  a  large  mill 
of  about  30.'X)0  spindles,  called  the  Lockwood  Mills,  at  Waterville,  Me.  He  adopted 
the  Sawyer  Spindle.  lie  has  just  finished  building,  I  think,  one  or  two  mills  in 
the  South,  one  of  lO.OiX)  spindles,  and  he  has  adopted  the  Sawyer  Spindles  for  warp 
and  filling  both. 

■'  I  saw  Mr.  George  Kilburn,  the  superintendent  of  the  Lonsdale  Company,  and 
also  his  son,  Mr.  Edward  Kilburn.  They  were  having  at  the  time  frames  built  for 
4,000  spindles  or  thereabouts,  —  2.CiO0  for  the  Ashtou  Mill,  by  the  Whitin  Machine 
Works,  2,000  for  their  other  mill,  the  Lonsdale  Mill,  by  3Iessrs.  Fales,  Jenks  & 
Sons. 

I  understood  the  question  to  call  for  the  manufacturers  of  cotton  cloth,  as  well 
as  machinery,  up  to  this  time  in  my  answer,  but  my  attention  being  called  to  the 
exact  question  I  now  answer  it. 

■■  I  called  the  attention  of  the  Whitin  Machine  Works  or  the  managers  of  the 
Whicin  Machine  Works,  of  Messrs.  Davis  &  Furber,  of  North  Audover,  of  the 
Lowell  Machine  Shop,  of  the  Saco  Water  Power  Machine  Shop,  of  what  was  then 
Marvel  &  Da  vol.  Fall  River,  of  Fales,  Jenks  &  Sons,  Pawtucket.  R.  I.,  of  the 
Lanphear  Machine  Company,  of  Phoenix,  R.  I.,  of  the  Franklin  Foundry  and  Ma- 
chine Company,  ot  Providence,  R.  I.,  of  the  Mason  Machine  Works,  of  Taunton, 
Mass.  I  think  every  shop  mentioned  has  built  more  or  less  Sawyer  Spindles 
since  that  time,  or  frames  to  contain  Sawyer  Spindles,  except  Mason,  of  Taun- 
ton. 

"  Int.  7.  Besides  calling  the  attention  of  manufacturers  of  cotton  machinery 
to  the  Sawyer  Spindle,  and  the  attention  of  the  oflBLcers  and  employees  of  cotton 
mills  at  the  meeting  of  the  New  England  Cotton  Manuf icturers"  Association,  as 
you  have  mentioned,  what  further  efforts  did  you  personally  make  to  spread  the 
knowledge  of  the  Sawyer  structure  among  those  most  likely  to  be  interested  in  it? 
I  speak  of  the  early  period  between  February  and  August.  1871. 

'■  Ans.  I  had  some  small  frames  made  that  would  represent  the  position  of  the 
bolster  and  step  rails,  so  as  to  cont^iin  a  single  spindle  with  its  step  and  bolster.  I 
am  inclined  to  think  that  one  of  the  first  made  was  used  by  Mr.  Sawyer  to  explain 
the  Sawyer  Spindle  at  the  meeting  of  the  Manufacturers"  Association.  April  19, 
1871  ;  I  think  it  was  made  long  prior  to  that  time.  I  had  one  made  for  my  own 
use,  somewhat  similar,  which  I  carried  with  me  wherever  I  went,  into  the  cars, 
into  the  offices,  into  the  mills,  and  into  machine  shops.  I  called  the  attention  of 
all  likely  to  be  interested  in  it  to  the  arrangement  of  the  spindle  in  season,  and.  I 
am  afraid,  sometimes  out  of  season.  I  also  procured,  as  soon  as  possible,  an  old 
ring  spinning  frame,  and  had  it  sent  to  our  shop,  and  had  it  fitted  up  with  the 


NUMBER  IN  OPERATION. 


19 


Sawyer  Spindles ;  and  we  ran  it  ^here,  and  spun  yarn  on  it.  We  (meaning;  I  and 
my  associates)  called  the  attention  of  all  the  leading  machinists  and  manufacturers 
to  the  fiict  that  we  had  such  a  frame,  fitted  up  with  the  Sawyer  Spindles,  in  oper- 
ation there,  and  invited  them  to  call  and  see  it  in  operation.  Quite  a  large  number 
of  the  leading  machinists  and  manufacturers  came  to  see  it,  including  some  from 
a  greater  distance.  We  sent  the  frame  to  the  Thorndike  Company's  mill,  at  Thorn- 
dike,  Mass.,  about  the  22d  of  May,  1871.  We  then  invited  those  that  felt  an  in- 
terest to  call  there  and  see  it  in  operation.  I  think  by  the  1st  of  July,  1871,  we 
had  a  frame  running  at  the  Appleton  Company's  mill,  in  Lowell,  Mass.  ;  a  frame 
ruaning  at  the  Thorndike  Mill,  at  Thorndike,  in  the  town  of  Palmer,  Mass.  ;  one, 
if  not  two,  I  think  two,  at  the  Quinebaug  Company's  mill,  at  Dauielsonville,  Conn. 
These  last  were  ordered  by  Amos  D.  Lockwood.  We  had  nearly  2,000  spindles 
running  at  the  Ashton  Mill,  Ashton,  11.  I.  ;  about  2,000  spindles  running  at  the 
Lonsdale  Company's  mills,  Lonsdale,  R.  I.  ;  T  think  we  had  one  frame  running  at 
the  Social  Company's  mill,  Woousocket,  II.  I.  ;  also  one  frame  running  at  (i.  Bal- 
lon &  Son's  mill,  at  Woonsocket,  R.  I.  ;  and  1  think  we  had  quite  a  number  of 
frames  running  at  the  Pontiac  Mill,  at  Pontiac,  R.  I. 

"  I  remember  saying  so  much  about  the  matter  that  Mr.  Goddard,  of  Providence, 
who  represented  the  firm  of  Brown  &  Ives,  said  that  people  told  him  I  had  a  bee 
in  my  bonnet  on  the  subject  of  spindles  :  and  even  Oliver  Pearl,  one  of  the  com- 
plainants in  these  cases,  told  me  he  would  give  me  the  credit  of  having  stirred  up 
the  manufacturers,  and  convinced  them,  many  of  them,  that  they  could  not  afford 
to  use  the  old  form  of  spindle. " 


SAWYER  SPINDLES  IN  OPERATION  JANUARY  1,  1881. 


Lonsdale  Co.,  Lonsdale,  Ashton,  and  Hope,  R.  I.,  and  Blackstone 

Mass  

Merrimack  Manufacturing  Co.,  Lowell,  Mass. 
Boott  Cotton  Mills,  Lowell,  Mass. 
Harmony  Mills,  Colioes,  N.  Y. 
Tremont  &  Suffolk  Mills,  Lowell,  Mass. 
Social  Manufacturing  Co.,  Woonsocket,  R.  1. 
Coclieco  Manufacturing  Co.,  Dover,  N.  H.  . 
Union  Cotton  3Ianufacturing  (jo..  Fall  River,  Mass. 
Hamilton  Manufacturing  Co.,  Lowell,  Mass.  . 
B.  B.  &  R.  Knight,  Pontiac,  White  Rock,  and  Fiskeville,  R.  I.,  and 

Readville,  Mass.  ..... 

Grosvenordale  Co.,  Grosvenordale,  Conn. 
Wampaiioag  Mills,  Fall  River,  Mass. 
Stark  Mills,  Manchester,  N.  H. 
Amoskeag  Manufacturing  Co.,  Manchester,  N.  H. 
Pocasset  Manufacturing  Co.,  Fall  River,  Mass. 
Chicopee  INIanufacturing  Co.,  Chicopee  Falls,  Mass. 
Lawrence  Manufacturing  Co.,  Lowell,  Mass. 
Hill  Manufacturing  Co.,  Lewiston,  JNIe. 
Lancaster  Mills,  Clinton,  Mass. 
Appleton  Co.,  Lowell,  Mass. 
King  Philip  Mills,  Fall  River,  Mass. 
Newmarket  Manufacturing  Co.,  Newmarket,  N.  H 
York  Manufacturing  Co.,  Saco,  Me.  . 
William  S.  Slater,  Slatersville,  R.  I. 
Nashua  Manufacturing  Co.,  Nashua,  N.  H. 
Barnard  Manufacturing  Co.,  Fall  River,  Mass. 
Everett  Mills,  Lawrence,  Mass. 
Cabot  Co.,  Brunswick,  Me.  .... 

Boston  Duck  Co.,  Bond's  Village,  Mass. 
Lockwood  Co.,  Waterville,  Me. 

Washington  Manufacturing  Co.,  Gloucester  City,  N.  J. 
Flskdale  Mills,  Fiskdale,  Mass. 
Kearsarge  Mills,  Portsmouth,  N.  H. 
Renfrew  Manufacturing  Co.,  Adams,  Mass 
M.  Gaiubrill  &  Co.,  Wilmington,  Del. 
Falls  Co.,  Norwich  Conn  


20 


THE  SAWYER  SPINDLE. 


Clinton  INIaiiufacturiiig  Co.,  Woonsocket,  R.  I.   .       .       .       .  11,688 

Newburgh  Steam  Mill,  Nevvburgh,  N.  Y.   11,520 

Warren  Cotton  Mills,  West  Warren,  Mass.        ....  11,370 

Atlantic  Mills,  Providence,  K.  I   11,328 

Boston  Manufacturing  Co.,  Waltliani,  Mass.       ....  11,264 

IMassachusetts  Cotton  Mills,  Lowell,  Mass   11,258 

Jackson  Co.,  Nashua,  N.  II.     .        .        .        .        .        .        .  10,960 

Poneniah  ]Mill,  Taftville,  Conn   10,880 

Troy  C.  &  W.  Manufactory,  Fall  River,  Mass   10,400 

Grauiteville  IMaiuifacturing  Co.,  Graniteville,  S.  C.         ...  10,344: 

AVillianisville  iManufacturing  Co.,  Killingly,  Conn.      .        .        .  10,149 

Peabody  IMills,  Newburyport,  Mass.      ......  9,984 

Kobeson  Mills,  Fall  Kiver,  Mass.       ......  9,947 

H.  N.  Slater  Manufacturing  Co.,  Webster,  Mass.    ....  8,544 

Cronipton  Co,  Cronipton,  K.  I.        .        .        .        .        .        .  8,512 

Bernon  Manufacturing  Co.,  Georgiaville,  R.  1   8,447 

Albion  Co.,  Albion,  R.  1   8,208 

Pequot  jNIanufacturing  Co.,  Montville,  Conn  '  8,004 

Lawrence  Duck  Co.,  Lawrence,  Mass.        .....  7,936 

Powhatan  Mills,  Putnam,  Conn   7,840 

Forestdale  Manufacturing  Co.,  Forestdale,  R.  L          .        .        .  7,680 

David  Trainer  &  Sons,  Lin  wood  Station,  Pa. .....  7,680 

China  Manufacturing  Co.,  Suncook,  N.  H.        .        .        .        .  7,552 

Quinebaug  Co.,  Danielsonville,  Conn.    ......  7,424 

James  G.^Shaw,  Philadelphia,  Pa.     .        .        .        .        .        .  7,392 

Palmer  Mills,  Three  Rivers,  Mass.        .......  7,392 

North  Povvnal  jNLanufacturing  Co  ,  North  Pownal,  Vt.         .        .  7,344 

Richmond  Manufacturing  Co.,  Newport  and  Bristol,  R.  L        .        .  7,312 

Saratoga  Victory  Manufacturing  Co.,  Victory  Mills,  N.  Y.  .        .  7,200 

Bartlett  Steam  IMills,  Newburyport,  Mass   7,104 

Shetucket  Co.,  (Jreenville,  Coim.        ......  7,072 

Chace  Mills,  Fall  River,  Mass   6,720 

Dwight  Mainifacturing  Co.,  Chicopee,  INIass.       .        .        .  6,656 

Fitchville  Manufacturing  Co.,  Fitchville,  Conn.       ....  6,578 

Enterprise  Manufacturing  Co.,  Augusta,  Ga.      .....  6,560 

Freeman  INIanufacturing  Co.,  North  Adams,  Mass.  ....  6,490 

Williamstowu  Manufacturing  Co.,  Williamstown,  Mass.       .        .  6,480 

Harris  Manufacturing  Co.,  Phoenix,  R.  I.      ....        .  6,353 

Oriental  Mills,  Providence,  R.  1.       .....        .  6,273 

Monument  Mills,  Housatonic,  Mass.      ......  .6,260 

Gates  Brothers,  Charlotte,  N.  C   6,240 

N.  D.  White,  Winchendon,  Ma.ss   6,004 

Wauregan  Mills,  Wanregan,  Conn.    ......  0,010 

i^vansville  Cotton  Maiuifacturiiig  Co.,  Evansville,  Ind.     .        .        .  5,888 

Providence  Steam  Mills,  Providence,  R.  L          .        .        .        .  5.798 

Border  City  Mills,  Fall  River,  Mass   5,788 

Han)ilton  Woolen  Co.,  Southbridge,  INIass.  ....  5,776 
Robert  Adams,  Birmingham,  Coim.       .        .        .        .        .  .5,616 

A.  A.  Van  Alen„Stuyvesant  Falls,  N.  Y   5,504 

J.  P.  Crozer's  Sons,  Chester,  Pa.   5,208 

Willimantic  Linen  Co.,  Willimantic,  Conn.        ....  5,200 

Uncasville  Manufacturing  Co.,  Montville,  Conn   5,140 

Greenville  Manufacturing  Co.,  Florence,  Mass.    ....  5,008 

R.  &  H.  Adams,  Pattrson,  N.  J   4,992 

Atlanta  Cotton  Factory  Co.,  Atlanta,  Ga.          ....  4,952 

Moss  Manufacturing  Co..  Westerly,  R.  I.      .        .        .        .        ."  4,730 

Ocean  Mills  Co.,  Newburyport,  INIass.       ,       .       .        .        •  4,592 

lloiyoke  Warp  Co.,  llolyoke,  INIass.     ......  4,576 

Union  INlanufacturing  Co.,  F^llicott  City,  Md.     ....  4,480 

Central  Mills  Co.,  Southbridge,  Mass.   4,376 

Woonsocket  Co.,  Woonsocket,  R.  I.         .....  4,368 

Osborn  Mills,  Fall  River,  Mass   4,352 


NUMBER  IN  OPERATION.  21 

Monadnock  Mills,  Claremont,  N.  H   4,22+ 

Santiago  Stephens,  Tepic,  Mexico        ......  4,224 

G.  W.  Chadwick,  Chadwick's  Mills,  N.  Y   4,108 

Charles  Wild,  Valatie,  N.  Y   4,016 

Yale  Mills,  Nashua,  N".  H   3,844 

Montauk  Steam  Cotton  Mills,  Sag  Harbor,  L.  T.    .       .       .       .  3,840 

Merchants'  Manufacturing  Co.,  Fall  Kiver,  Mass.       .        .        .  3,837 

West  Bovlston  Manufacturing  Co.,  West  Boylston,  Mass.        .       .  3,744 

Thomas  Si.  Holt,  Haw  Eiver,  X.  C   3,516 

Flint  Mill,  Fall  Kiver,  Mass.        .......  3,486 

Uxbridge  Cotton  Mills,  North  Uxbridge,  Mass   3,424 

Charles  Albro,  Taunton,  Mass.     .......  3,376 

Piedmont  Manufacturing  Co.,  Piedmont,  S.  C   3,376 

J.  P.  &  J.  G.  Ray,  Woonsocket,  R.  1   3,120 

Arkwright  Manufacturing  Co.,  Arkwright,  R.  L         .       .        .  3,072 

E.  W.  Hoi  brook,  West  Boylston,  Mass   3,040 

W.  C.  Pluukett  &  Sons,  Adams,  Mass   2,960 

Quequechan  Mill,  Fall  River,  Mass   2,912 

L.  Briggs,  Son  &  Co.,  Haydenville,  Mass   2,864 

G.  W."  West  &  Son,  Ballston  Spa,  N.  Y   2,864 

Annisquam  Mills,  Rockport,  Mass.    ......  2,-592 

Yermont  Mills,  Noi'th  Bennington,  Yt.         .....  2,592 

Alanson  Steere,  Rockland,  R.  1   2.560 

Clinton  Yarn  Co.,  Clinton,  Mass.         ......  2,500 

Harris  Woolen  Co.,  Woonsocket,  R.  1   2.424 

Quidnick  Co.,  Arctic  Mill,  Riverpoint,  R.  1   2,304 

Danielsonviile  Cotton  Co.,  Danielsonville,  Conn.         .        .        •  2.216 

Jackson  Mill  Co..  Fiskville,  R.  I   2,192 

L.  B.  &  L.  S.  Holt,  Graham,  N.  C   2,160 

Manchester  Mills,  Manchester,  N.  H.    .       .       .       •       .       .  2.048 

Hold,  White  &  Williamson,  Graham,  N.  C   2,016 

Matoaca  Manufacturing  Co.,  Petersburg,  Ya.         .        .        .        •  2,010 

J.  F.  Slater,  Jewett  City,  Conn   1,920 

Hampden  Mills,  Holyoke,  Mass   1,872 

Lowell  Manufacturing  Co.,  Lowell,  Mass.  .....  1,872 

H.  D.  Hall,  North  Bennington,  Yt   3,872 

Woodlawn  Mills,  Pin  Hook,  N.  C  ^    .  1,840 

New  Hartford  Cotton  Manufacturing  Co.,  New  Hartford,  N.  Y.      .  1,836 
Kinderhook  Co.,  Kinderhook,  N.  Y.  .        .        .        .        .        .  1,536 

Central  MauHfacturing  Co.,  Central  Yillage,  Conn.  ....  1,536 

Sagamore  Mills,  Fall  River,  Mass  1,536 

J.  A.  Hovey,  Ballston  Spa,  N.  Y   1,504 

Narragansett  Mills,  F-Al  River,  Mass   1,440 

Columbian  Manufacturing  Co.,  Southbridge,  Mass.         .        .        •  1,409 
Newton  Mills.  Newton  Upper  Falls,  Mass.        ....  1,408 

Macon  Manufacturing  Co.,  Macon,  Ga.  ......  1,235 

Canada  Cotton  Manufacturing  Co.,  Cornwall,  Ont.      .        .        .  1,233 

J.  William  Lewis,  Chester,  Pa.  1,232 

Plymouth  Woolen  and  Cotton  Co.,  Plymouth,  Mass.  .  .  .  1,152 
Houston  Factory,  Houston,  Texas         ......  1,050 

M.  Gambrill,  Sons  &  Co.,  Baltimore,  Md  1,008 

Davidson  &  Grant,  Gibsonville,  N.  C  1,008 

Warren  Manufacturing  Co.,  AYarren,  Md   1,0U8 

Sample  frames  and  lots  under  1,000      ......  32,582 


Total 


1,715,58G 


22 


THE  PEARL- SAWYER  PATES T  SUIT. 


THE  PEARL-SAWYER  PATENT  SLIT. 

As  a  matter  of  substantial  interest  to  manufacturers,  we  reprint  the  opinion 
of  his  honor.  Judge  Lowell,  in  the  equity  suits  brought  by  Messrs.  Pearl  and 
Battles  against  the  Appleton  Company  and  the  Hamilton  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany, of  Lowell,  in  which  certain  Sawyer  and  other  structures  were  alleged  by 
the  complainants  to  infringe  the  Pearl  reissue  patent  of  September  1,  187-4. 
A  few  words  as  to  the  circumstances  of  these  suits. 

The  ordinary  Sawyer  structure  used  by  the  companies  named  was  sold 
under  the  guaranty  of  the  Sawyer  Spindle  Company,  so  that  this  company 
was  the  real  defendant,  and  the  defense  was  in  our  hands.  The  claim  of  in- 
fringement included,  in  addition  to  the  ordinary  Sawyer  warp  and  filling 
structures,  two  or  three  special  forms  of  bobbins  which  extended  above  the 
tops  of  their  spindles  and  were  not  included  under  the  guaranty  given  to  the 
Appleton  and  Hamilton  companies.  For  convenience'  sake,  however,  the  de- 
fense included  these  special  forms. 

The  suits  were  brought  on  the  12th  of  July,  1877,  by  Oliver  Pearl  and 
Joseph  P.  Battles,  for  alleged  infringement  by  the  manufacturing  companies 
above  named  of  reissue  letters-patent  Xo.  6036,  granted  the  complainants 
September  1.  1874.  for  improvement  in  spindles  and  bobbins  for  ring  spinning. 
The  taking  of  evidence  before  an  examiner  was  begun  on  the  first  of  January, 
1878.  and  concluded  in  July  of  1870;  and  the  arguments  were  made  in  Feb- 
ruary of  1880.  The  evidence,  briefs,  and  arguments  aggregated  nearly  forty- 
five  hundred  printed  pa^es ;  which  made  the  task  of  the  learned  judge,  to  whom 
this  mass  of  matter  was  submitted,  no  trifling  one.  The  counsel  for  com- 
plainants were  D.  H.  Kice  of  Boston  and  Benj.  F.  Thurston  of  Providence; 
for  defendants.  Messrs.  George  L.  lioberts  and  Chauncey  Smith  of  Boston. 

Drawings  of  the  Sawyer  structures  referred  to  in  the  decision  will  be  found 
upon  the  next  two  pages.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  special  bobbins  above  re- 
ferred to,  which  were  not  included  in  the  guaranty  of  the  Sawyer  Spindle 
Company,  are  held  by  the  court  to  infringe.  These  bobbins  are  shown  in 
section  in  the  illustrations,  marked  respectively  Exhibits  I,  H  and  J,  and  M. 

The  regular  Sawyer  structure,  however,  as  illustrated  by  the  drawings 
marked  respectively  Exhibits  B  and  K.  is  declared  not  to  infringe;  neither 
does  the  structure  represented  by  the  drawing  on  the  same  pajre  marked  Ex- 
hibit E  (which  was  also  before  the  court),  infringe:  the  decision  being  that 
the  extension  of  the  bobbin  above  the  top  of  the  spindle  must  be  counter- 
bored  so  as  to  produce  "  a  chamber  of  some  substantial  lenfrth,"'  in  order  to 
constitute  infringement  of  the  Pearl  patent  as  defined  by  this  opinion.  A 
hole  through  to  the  top  of  the  bobbin,  if  it  is  no  larger  than  the  tip  of  the 
spindle,  does  not  constitute  '"a  chamber,''  as  we  understand  it. 


INFRINGIN G  STRUCTURES. 


INFRINGING  STRUCTURES. 


Exhibit  I.  Exhibits  H  a>d  J.  Exhibit  M. 


24  THE  PEARL-SAWYER  PATENT  SUIT. 

STRUCTURES  DECIDED  NOT  TO  TNFRTXCxE. 


Exhibit  B. 


ExriiBiT  E. 


0 


0 


0 


I  I 


I 


I 


0 


JUDGE  LOWELVS  DECISION. 


25 


Following  is  the  full  text  of  Judge  Lowell's  decision :  — 

CIRCUIT  COURT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  DISTRICT 
OF  MASSACHUSETTS. 

In  Equiti/. 

NO.  885.  — OLIVER  PEARL  etal.  v.  THE  APPLETON  COMPANY  e«  aZ. 
NO.  8S3. —OLIVER  PEARL  ft  al.  v.  TtlE  HAMILTON  M'F'G  COMPANY  efaZ. 

OPINIOX  OF  THE  COURT. 

[July  17,  1880.] 

Lowell,  J.  The  length  of  this  record  of  more  than  three  thousand  printed 
pages,  besides  the  labor  involved  in  its  examination,  makes  it  not  improbable 
that  I  may  have  overlooked,  or  forgotten,  some  evidence  which  one  party  or  the 
other  may  consider  important.    I  have  studied  it  to  the  best  of  my  ability. 

The  contest  is  mainly  lietween  the  Pearl  and  the  Sawyer  spindles  with  their 
bobbins,  as  patented  and  used  in  ring  spinning.  The  former,  patented  in 
reissue  No.  60-3G,  September  1,  1874,  was  sustained  by  Judge  Shepley  in  Peai^l 
V.  Ocean  Mills,  11  Off.  Gaz.  2.  The  same  learned  judge  afterwards  granted 
an  injunction  in  Pearl  v.  Coventry  Company^  in  Rhode  Island,  and  a  copy  of 
the  arguments,  with  the  judge's  full  running  commentary,  has  been  furnished 
me.  From  these  sources  we  can  discover  wliat  a  judge  of  great  experience  in 
patent  cases,  as  well  as  of  great  natural  aptitude  for  such  investigations,  thought 
of  the  validity  and  construction  of  the  plaintiffs'  patent.  The  issue  of  in- 
fringement is  wholly  different  from  any  with  which  he  was  concerned. 

Pearl's  original  patent,  No.  102, .587,  May  5,  1870,  was  entitled  an  Improve- 
ment  in  Bobbins  for  Spinning,  which  is  shown  by  the  specification  to  be  ring 
spinning,  and  it  descrilies  the  old  form  of  bobbin  as  being  made  with  a  single 
chamber,  or  bore,  extending  through  the  bobbin,  with  bearings  to  grasp  the 
spindle,  called  in  the  record  "adhesive"  bearings,  at  either  end.  Pearl  in- 
serted a  bearing  in  the  middle  of  the  bobbin,  which  enabled  him.  as  he  said, 
to  make  a  bobbin  both  light  and  strong,  and  one  which  could  be  employed 
with  a  short  spindle;  because  tlie  spindle  might  be  cut  off  at  this  central  bear- 
ing, "  thus  dispensing  with  much  of  the  spindle  which  tends  to  cause  vibration 
while  it  may  be  in  revolution."  If  Pearl  retained  the  old  upper  and  lower 
beai'ing,  or  ljushing,  of  the  bobbin,  his  bobbin  would  have  two  chambers;  but 
when  his  spindle  was  cut  off  and  came  to  an  end  in  the  middle  bearing,  the 
upper  bearing  became  a  mere  plug  to  strengthen  the  bobbin,  and  had  no 
necessary  connection  with  the  spindle,  or  with  any  combination  of  which  the 
spindle  was  a  part. 

The  state  of  the  art,  and  the  acts  of  the  rival  inventors,  have  been  gone  into 
at  very  great  length. 

A  ring  spindle,  though  made  of  one  piece  of  steel,  is  properly  enough 
described  as  consisting  of  two  parts,  because  it  has  a  bearing  in  the  middle. 
The  lower  bearing,  or  step,  supports  the  spindle  at  its  lower  end,  while  it  is 
revolved  in  an  upright  position  with  great  rapidity  by  the  pull  of  the  band 
which  is  passed  round  the  "whirl,"  or  double  ring,  which  forms  part  of  the 
"but"  of  the  spindle.  The  upper  bearing  is  in  the  "bolster,"  and  tends  to 
keep  the  spindle  firm  and  steady  in  its  rotation.  The  part  above  the  upper 
bearing  is  called  in  the  record  the  tip  or  blade,  and  that  below,  the  but.  The 
ol)ject  of  both  the  inventions  in  controversy  here  is  to  obtain  a  spindle  and 
bobbin  which  can  be  run  at  a  maximum  of  speed  by  a  minimum  of  power. 

Not  long  after  Pearl's  patent  had  been  obtained.  Sawyer  applied  for  and 
received  one,  No.  113,575,  April  11,  1871,  for  improvements  in  ring-spinning 
machines.    He  says  that  the  olyects  of  his  invention  are,  — 

First,  to  reduce  the  weight  of,  and  consequeatly  the  power  required  to  drive, 
the  spindles  ;  secon  f^  to  secure  greiter  stexdiaess  of  rotation  for  the  spindle,  thus 
eaibling  it  to  run  at  a  higher  speed  thau  is  customary,  or  to  ruu  more  satisfac- 
torily at  any  speed  ;  aal,  third,  to  reduce  the  cost  of  constructing  the  machines." 
2 


26 


THE  PEARL- SAWYER  PATENT  SUIT. 


He  then  says :  — 

"  The  upper  bearings  of  spindles,  as  now  generally  constructed,  extend  but  a 
short  distance  above  the  bolster  rails  in  which  they  are  fixed.  Now,  as  this  rail 
must  be  placed  far  enough  below  the  lowest  point  at  which  the  yarn  is  wound 
upon  tlie  bobbin,  to  allow  the  ring-rail  to  pass  helow  that  point,  a  large  part  of 
the  spindle  must  necessarily  extend  upward  beyond  its  upper  bearing,  and  is,  con- 
sequently, even  when  made  of  large  size,  subject  to  considerable  vibration  when 
running.  It  is  also  necessary  in  the  ordinary  construction,  in  order  to  secure  a 
proper  distance  between  the  two  bearings  of  the  spindles,  to  extend  the  spindle 
downwards  for  a  considerable  distance  below  where  it  might  otherwise  terminate  ; 
and  this  increase  in  length  requires  a  corresponding  increase  in  diameter  beyond 
what  would  be  required  were  a  shorter  spindle  used. 

"My  improvement  consists  in  certiin  details  of  construction  and  arrangement, 
whereby  I  am  enabled  to  remove  most  of  that  part  of  the  spmdle  which  ordinarily 
extends  below  the  whirl,  and  to  leave  only  a  small  part  of  the  spindle  exposed 
above  its  upper  bearings,  so  that  it  is  rendered  possible  to  reduce  its  diameter, 
and,  consequently,  its  weight,  and  at  the  same  time  to  insure  for  it  greater  steadi- 
ness of  rotation." 

He  then  describes  liis  spindle;  the  governing  principle  of  wliich  is,  that  in 
place  of  the  short  holster  helow  the  bobbin  he  makes  a  tubular  bolster  which 
is  carried  up  into  the  bobbin,  which  is  enlarged,  or  chambered,  at  its  lower 
part  so  as  to  revolve  freely  about  the  tube.  Only  enouirh  of  the  spindle  re- 
mains above  the  top  of  the  bolster  to  hold  the  bobbin  firmly  in  its  revolution 
with  the  spindle.  In  consequence  of  this  change,  as  he  says,  he  may  make 
his  spindle  with  a  short  "  but,"'  and  very  light  throughout. 

Sawyer's  spindle  was  broujiht  to  the  notice  of  manufacturers,  and  was  tried 
in  continuous  operation  at  a  mill,  some  time  before  he  obtained  his  patent. 
Soon  afterwards  I'earl  adopted  the  short  but  for  his  spindle,  and  has  always 
made  and  sold  it  in  that  form.  He  reissued  his  patent  with  claims  in- 
tended, perhaps,  to  cover  Sawyer's  spindle.  The  defendants  contend  that 
Pearl  derived  his  short  but  directly  or  indirectly  from  Sawyer:  and  the  plain- 
tiffs contend  that  the  idea  of  lightening  the  spindle  was  borrowed  by  Sawyer 
from  Pearl. 

The  evidence  tends  to  show  that  spindles  of  various  sizes  and  weights  and 
lengths  had  been  made  and  used  before  either  Pearl  or  Sawyer  made  theirs: 
that  Sawyer  was  the  first  to  bring  the  short  but  into  general  use:  that  he 
was  the  first  to  introduce  the  raised  or  tubular  bolster  in  ring  spinning, 
though  one  had  been  used  in  a  throstle  or  flyer  frame;  that  both  Pearl  and 
Sawyer  have  made  and  sold  spindles  in  large  quantities,  which  have  been 
found  valuable. 

It  is  further  proved,  to  my  satisfaction,  that  Pearl  believed  from  the  first, 
that  by  lightening  the  tip,  or  upper  part,  of  his  spindle,  he  could  lighten  the 
lower  part,  though  he  unfortimately  neglected  to  mention  it  in  his  original 
s{)ecification.  His  spindle,  filed  as  a  model,  was  somewhat  lightened  by 
diminishing  its  diameter;  this,  however,  was  not  obvious  on  inspection,  and 
is  not  shown  in  his  drawings.  When  he  had  learned  that  the  best  way  of 
lightening  the  lower  part  of  the  spindle  was  by  shortening  it  (whether  he 
learned  this  from  Sawyer  or  not,  I  do  not  need  to  inquire),  he  was  of  opinion 
that  he  might  properly,  and  within  the  scope  of  his  original  plan,  lighten  his 
"but"  by  shortening  it  as  well  as  by  diminishing  its  diameter,  and  he  ob- 
tained the  reissue  in  suit,  in  which  he  says :  — 

By  thus  dispensing  with  the  length  and  weight  at  the  top  of  the  spindle  above 
the  bolster,  while  the  length  of  bobbin  and  traverse  of  the  frame  remain  as  before, 
I  am  enabled  to  lighten  the  lower  part  of  the  spindle  and  whirl  below  the  bolster, 
D,  many  times  the  weight  taken  from  its  blade  above,  without  destroying  the 
proper  balance  of  the  spindle  and  its  consequent  steadiness  of  rotation,  and  by 
these  means  I  accomplish  the  ultimate  effect,  which  is  the  purpose  of  this  im- 
provement, of  enabling  the  spindle  to  be  run  steadily  at  high  speed  with  much 
less  power  than  heretofore,  thus  diminishing  the  expense  and  increasing  the  power 
at  the  same  time." 

This  statement  was  not  in  the  original  patent.  In  the  drawings  of  that 
patent,  the  length  of  the  but  is  not  given,  and  its  diminution  in  diameter  is 


JUDGE  LOWELUS  DECISION. 


27 


not  shown  or  referred  to.  In  the  new  drawings  he  reduced  the  length  of 
tlie  hnt;  and  this  is  insisted  upon  by  the  defendants  as  a  fraud,  which  ren- 
ders the  reissue  void.  Tlie  statute  declares  that  in  a  machine  patent  the 
model,  or  drawings,  shall  not  be  amended,  except  each  by  the  other  (Rev. 
Sts.  §  491G);  and  it  is  true  that  these  drawings  are  not  amended  by  the 
model,  but  vary  from  it  in  this  very  important  particukir.  When  this  fact 
was  called  to  the  attention  of  Judge  Shepley,  in  the  Khode  Island  case,  he 
said  that  it  was  not  illegal  to  change  the  drawings  in  a  matter  which  did 
not  affect  the  claims.  I  see  no  reason  to  change  the  ruling  of  the  court  upon 
this  point.  The  modification  of  the  drawings  undoubtedly  tends  to  show 
that  the  importance  of  the  short  but  was  discovered  by  the  patentee  after 
1870,  and  it  was,  perhaps,  morally  speaking,  objectionable,  because  the  value 
of  his  spindle  depends  very  much  upon  the  short  but;  but  as  that  feature 
was  not  claimed  in  the  reissue,  the  change  was  held  to  be,  technically  speak- 
ing, immaterial.  As  a  question  of  intent,  it  is  mitigated  by  the  considera- 
tion that  Pearl  truly  believed  that  the  value  of  the  short  but,  by  whomsoever 
introduced,  was  nuich  increased,  if,  indeed,  it  was  not  wholly  due  to  a  short- 
enijig  and  lightening  of  the  upper  parts  of  the  spindle.  Upon  this  point 
the  opinion  in  the  Ocean  Mills  case  appears  to  agree  with  that  of  the  pat- 
entee. "  Without  a  knowledge  of  the  results  acconiphshed  by  these 
changes,"  says  Judge  Shepley,  referring  to  the  cutting  off  of  a  piece  of  the 
blade  of  the  spindle,  and  placing  the  upper  adhesive  bearing  at  the  middle 
instead  of  the  top  of  the  bobbin,  "  they  might,  at  first  glance,  appear  to  be 
merely  structural  changes,"  but  he  adds  that  the  injproved  results  attained 
by  the  invention  prove  it  to  have  a  higher  character.  His  meaning  is  that 
the  proof  of  invention  is  found  in  the  improved  working  of  Fearl's  spindle, 
as  actually  made  and  sold,  shortened  below  as  well  as  aliove,  and  that  the 
shortening  below,  though  not  described  or  claimed,  was  rendered  possible  by 
the  shortening  above. 

It  is  proved  in  this  case  that  Pearl  was  not  the  first  person  to  make  a 
ring  spindle  with  a  short  tip.  Such  an  instrument  was  made  and  used  for 
years  before  his  time  at  Middlebury.  So  far,  therefore,  as  the  possibility  of 
lightening  the  lower  part  of  a  spindle  depends  upon  cutting  oflT  a  piece  of  the 
upper  part,  it  does  not  flow  from  any  invention  of  I'earl's.  When  this  fact 
was  shown  to  Judge  Shepley,  in  the  Coventry  iMills  case,  he  was  still  of 
opinion  that  Pearl  had  a  combination  of  sufficient  utility  to  support  a  pat- 
ent, and  he  granted  an  injunction  to  restrain  the  use  of  a  spindle  and  bob- 
bin, which  clearly  contained  the  invention.  This  conihination,  as  I  under- 
stand it,  is  of  a  spindle  with  a  shortened  tip,  and  a  bobbin  witli  a  central 
adhesive  bearini:,  the  Middlelun-y  bobbin  having  siicli  a  bearinii  oidy  at  its 
lower  end.  Prom  the  remarks  of  the  judge  wlien  the  Ashton  spindle,  which 
is  somewhat  shorter  than  its  bobbin,  was  piodnced  in  court,  I  should  under- 
stand that  the  bobbin  of  Pearl  must  have  two  chambers,  that  is  to  say,  it 
must  be  reamed  out  above  as  well  as  below,  so  as  to  make  a  bobbin  at  once 
liglft  and  strong.  If  it  has  no  upper  chamber  it  would  seem  to  be  antici- 
pated by  the  Ashton. 

I  do  not  venture  to  reverse  the  decision  of  Judge  Shepley,  in  upholding  the 
patent  of  Pearl,  as  thus  understood;  a  decision  which  he  assures  us  was  ar- 
rived at  after  very  careful  consideration. 

The  spindle  and  bobbin  of  Sawyer  do  not  infringe  this  combination.  The 
theory  of  Sawyer's  improvement  was,  that  a  saving  of  power  would  be  best  ob- 
tained by  a  change  in  the  bearings  of  the  old  spindle.  The  disturbing  forces, 
according  to  his  view,  are,  the  pull  of  the  belt  on  the  whirl,  the  pull  of  the 
yarn  on  the  bobbin,  and  the  centrifugal  force  of  the  whirling  structure,  which 
includes  the  spindle,  the  bobbin,  and  the  yarn  on  the  bobbin.  Sawyer's  opin- 
ion is  that  the  obstructing  force  of  the  pull  of  the  belt  is  diminished  by  shorten- 
ing the  but;  that  the  other  two  forces  are  diminished  by  shortening  the  bob- 
bin and  spindle  together,  and  very  slightly,  if  at  all,  by  shortening  the  spindle 
within  the  bobbin ;  that  the  shortening  below  is  made  practicable  by  a  change 
in  the  bearing  or  bearings  above ;  that  the  true  relation  between  these  parts, 
above  and  below,  is  one  of  length  between  bearings,  and  not  of  weights. 

This  theory  I  believe  to  be  true  in  the  main.    The  evidence  seems  to  me 


28 


THE  PEARL- SAWYER  PATENT  SUIT. 


to  prove  that  there  is  not  such  a  close  relation  between  the  weight  of  the 
spindle  above  the  bolster  and  its  weight  below,  as  the  patent  of  Pearl  as- 
sumes; though  there  may  be  a  little;  and  that  there  is  substantially  such  a 
relation  between  tlie  length  of  the  bearings  as  Sawyer  assumes.  While,  there- 
fore, I  am  not  prepared  to  say  that  there  is  no  value  in  Pearl's  combination, 
and  am  siu-e  that  tlie  Pearl  spindle,  as  made  and  sold,  and  the  Sawyer  spindle, 
as  made  and  sold,  are  both  valuable,  I  have  no  occasion  to  ascertain  their  rela- 
tive value,  because  I  find  them  to  be  distinct  structures,  aud  to  occupy  inde- 
pendent positions  in  tlie  art. 

The  first  of  Pearl's  claims  is:  — 

The  described  ring  spindle,  having  its  blade  from  the  bolster,  D,  upward, 
shorter  than  the  bobbin,  and  combiaed  witti  the  bobbin,  coustructed  substantially 
as  described,  by  means  of  the  adhesive  bearings,  as  and  for  the  purpose  set  forth." 

This  claim  is  not  infringed,  among  other  reasons,  because  the  Sawyer  bob- 
bin has  not  the  two  adhesive  bearings  described  in  the  Pearl  patent.  The 
Commissioner  of  Patents,  in  dissolvuig  the  interference  between  Pearl  and 
Sawyer,  said :  "  How  the  invention  of  a  Ijobbin  with  an  intermediate  bearing 
and  an  upper  bushing  can  be  held  to  include  a  bobbin  having  intermediate 
and  upper  bearings,  is  a  problem  I  am  unable  to  solve.''  I  find  a  similar  diffi- 
culty, because  the  upper  busliing  of  Pearl  is  merely  a  plug,  and  has  no  true 
part  in  the  combination,  and  his  lower  bearing  is  not  the  equivalent  of  Saw- 
yer's upper  bearing. 

The  principal  argument  has  lieen  addressed  to  the  second  claim:  — 

The  combination  of  the  bobbin,  the  intermediate;  adhesive  bearing,  /,  and  the 
blade  of  the  spindle  made  shorter  than  the  bobbin  from  the  bolster,  D,  upward, 
substantially  as  described." 

The  Sawyer  contrivance  may  infringe  this  claim  in  words,  but  it  does  not  in 
fact.  The  comljination  of  bobbin,  bolster,  and  spindle  are  essentiaHy  different 
in  the  two.  The  true  meaning  of  the  claim,  construed  by  what  Pearl  did,  is 
that  the  bol)l>in  projects  beyond  the  tip  of  the  spindle.  With  a  bobbin  thus 
projecting,  no  advantage  is  gained  in  resisting  the  pull  of  the  yarn,  because 
that  pull  is  against  the  outside  of  the  bobbin,  which  is  as  high  as  ever;  and 
the  gain  in  diminished  vibration  is  very  small,  if  any.  Sawyer's  spindle  goes 
to  the  top  of  his  bobbin,  and  his  advantage  is  gained  by  elevating  the  bearing 
of  his  bolster,  Which  affects  both  the  outside  and  the  inside  of  the  bobbin,  and 
whatever  advantage  Pearl  had  was  a  different  one  and  was  made  on  a  different 
theory,  that  of  lightening  the  spindle  within  the  bobbin.  The  blade  of  the 
Sawyer  spindle  is  not  shortened,  except  upon  the  assumption  that  carrying  up 
the  bolster  is  the  same  thing  as  cutting  off  a  piece  of  the  spindle;  which,  per- 
haps, it  might  be  if  Pearl  hud  cut  off  his  bobbin,  too;  as  Judge  Shepley  said 
to  the  defendants  in  the  Coventry  case,  "cut  off  your  bobbin,  and  you  will  not 
infi  inge,"  or  to  that  effect.  But  the  organization  of  Pearl  would  not  admit 
of  this  change. 

The  plaintiffs  argue,  and,  indeed,  rest  their  case  ujion  the  argument,  that 
the  tubular  bolster  of  Sawyer  was  well  known  in  1870,  and  may,  therefore,  be 
substituted  in  Pearl's  combination,  by  mere  construction,  leaving  it  the  same 
iis  before. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  such  a  form  of  bolster  and  bobbin  was  known  be- 
fore, in  some  other  kinds  of  spinning,  but  it  is  not  proved  that  it  had  ever 
been  used  in  a  ring-frame;  that  it  could  be  so  used  without  invention;  that 
any  such  bobbin  had  been  made  with  adhesive  bearings;  or  that  it  was  so  well 
known  that  it  had  become  a  mere  question  of  construction  which  form  should 
be  adopted.  Indeed,  the  contrary  of  all  this  may  be  fairly  inferred  from  the 
evidence.  Therefore,  when  the  plaintiffs"  invention  has  been  reduced  to  the 
narrow  combination,  which  is  all  that  the  evidence  now  permits,  they  cannot 
fairly  claim  to  embrace,  as  a  known  substitute,  a  bolster  and  bobbin  so  dif- 
ferent from  their  own.  lam  much  inclined  to  consider  this  combination  a 
different  one,  mechanically  speaking,  however  well  known  the  Sawyer  bolster 
aud  bobbin  may  have  been;  but  tliis  need  not  be  decided. 

While  I  am  thus  of  opinion  with  the  defendants  in  the  most  important  part 


TO  WHOM  IT  MAY  CONCERN. 


29 


of  their  cases,  it  seems  to  me  that  they  have  added  the  Pearl  combination  to 
that  of  Sawyer  in  tlie  use  of  certain  spindles  and  bobbins,  which  the  evidence 
declares  them  to  have  used  to  a  orcater  or  less  extent.  The  bobbins,  in  the 
instances  referred  to,  have  a  chamber  of  some  substantial  length  above  the 
upper  end  of  the  spindle,  so  that  tlie  combination  of  Pearl's  second  claim  ap- 
pears to  be  present,  of  the  bobbin  with  two  chambers,  the  intermediate  adhesive 
bearing,  and  the  blade  of  the  spindle  made  shorter  than  the  bobbin.  These 
bobbins  are  represented  by  the  Exhibits  II,  I,  J  and  M;  a))d  are  said  to  have 
been  used  with  a  spindle  substantially  hke  Exhibit  G. 

Upon  the  best  consideration  I  have  been  able  to  give  to  the  contradictory 
evidence  in  respect  to  the  Wauregan  bobbin,  I  am  of  opinion  that  Atwood  did 
ream  out  the  top  of  his  bobbins  before  the  date  of  Pearl's  invention.  I  agree 
with  the  plaintiffs'  counsel  that  this  fact  only  affects  the  third  claim,  and  does 
not  prevent  a  recovery  for  infringing  the  second.  It  mny  eventually  have  a 
bearing  on  the  taxation  of  costs. 

Interlocutory  decree  for  the  comjylainants. 

CAUTION  TO  MANUFACTURERS  USING  SAWYER,  OR 
RABBETH  SPINDLES. 

Messrs.  George  Draper  &  Sons  desire  to  caution  maimfacturers  against 
the  use,  upon  either  of  the  above-named  spindles,  of  bobbins  extending  above 
the  tops  of  the  spindles  and  containing  a  chamber  or  counter-bore  in  such 
extension  "  of  some  substantial  length  "  and  larger  than  the  tip  of  the  spin- 
dle, as  shown  in  the  foregoing  illustrations,  marked  Exhibits  I,  H  and  J, 
and  M  (see  page  2-3).  They  have  never  recommended  such  bobbins  or  guar- 
antied customers  in  the  use  of  them;  neither  has  the  Sawyer  Spindle  Com- 
pany,—  nor  will  any  guaranty  of  such  structures  be  hereafter  given. 

The  shallow  cup  at  the  top  of  ordinary  Sawyer  bobbins,  intended  to  facili- 
tate  the  clearing  of  waste  from  the  bore  of  the  bobbin,  was  included  in  struct- 
ures recently  decided  by  the  United  States  Circuit  Court  not  to  infringe  the 
Pearl  patent.  This  cup  is  shown  in  the  drawings  "Exhibit  B"  and  "Ex- 
hibit K,"  page  24. 

TO  WHOM  IT  MAY  CONCERN. 

As  agents  of  the  Sawyer  Spindle  Company  we  desire  to  call  your  careful 
attention  to  the  following  statements,  and  the  drawings  which  illustrate 
them :  — 

In  the  drawings,  which  appear  on  the  pages  30  and  31,  Figure  1  rep- 
resents certain  parts  of  a  common  spindle,  bolster,  and  bobbin,  in  proper 
position  for  use;  Figure  2,  the  spindle,  bolster,  and  bobbin  used  by  the 
Ocean  Mills,  and  declared  by  his  honor,  the  late  Judge  Shepley,  to  infringe 
the  reissue  patent  of  Oliver  Pearl  and  Joseph  P.  Battles,  No.  G03G ;  Figure 
3,  the  Birkenhead  structure  complained  of  in  the  cases  of  Oliver  Pearl  et  al. 
V.  Coventry  Company  and  other  defendants;  and.  Figure  4,  the  ordinary 
Sawyer  structure. 

In  the  opinion  of  Judge  Shepley,  in  the  Ocean  Mills  case,  speaking  of  the 
structure  shown  in  Figure  2,  the  following  language  occurs :  — 

"  And  the  defendants  have  none  the  less  availed  themselves  of  his  invention,  .al- 
though by  adding  another  change  (whether  structural  merely  or  functional)  by 
bringing  the  upper  bolster  nearer  to  the  bobbin,  they  have  still  further  improved 
upon  the  old  device." 

At  the  hearing  of  motions  for  preliminary  injunction  in  the  cases  of  Oliver 
Pearl  et  al.  v.  Coventry  Company  and  others,  also  before  Judge  Shepley,  the 
following  colloquy  occurred  in  the  course  of  the  argument  of  Chauncoy  Smith, 
Esq.,  for  the  delendants;  the  structure  under  discussion  being  that  shown  in 
Figure  3 :  — 

"  May  it  flease  your  Honor,  — I  was  .^ajing  that  I  thought  that  upon^  the  true 
construction  of  the  two  claims  for  the  combination  referred  to  in  the'first  and 
second  claims,  we  did  not  infringe  ;  that  we  were  entitled,  in  the  construction  of 


TO  WHOM  IT  MAY  CONCERN. 


TO  WHOM  IT  MAY  CONCERN. 


32 


TO  WHOM  IT  MAY  CONCERN. 


those  claims,  to  measure  the  leogth  of  the  spindle  as  compared  witli  the  bobbin 
from  the  position  in  which  Pearl  himself  left  it,  and  from  vfhich  he  measured ; 
that  if  there  had  been  a  structural  or  functional  change  subsequently  to  his  inven- 
tion by  such  a  change  in  the  position  of  the  bolster  itself,  he  was  not  entitled  to 
take  advantage  of  that  improvement  as  the  measure  of  the  improvement  which  he 
had  given  to  the  spindle,  or  as  a  test  whether  or  not  his  invention  had  been  in- 
vaded. I  thought  I  was  justified  in  assuming  that  this  might  be  the  construction 
which  your  honor  would  put  upon  the  claims  in  question  by  this  statement  in  the 
opinion  in  the  Ocean  Mills  case.  Speaking  on  the  question  of  infringement,  the 
court  says  :  •  The  df/tndants  have  none  the  less  avaiUd  thimsflvfs  of  the  mvention, 
ahhou^hby  adding  another  change,  whether  structural  or  functional,  iy  bringing  the 
upper  bolster  nearer  to  the  bobbin,  they  have  still  further  improved  vpon  the  old  d<  vice.'' 
I  assume,  therefore,  that  you  regarded,  as  we  did.  that  the  elevation  of  the  bolster 
itself  might  be  as  substantial  an  improvement,  to  be  treated  as  an  invention,  as 
lowering  the  bearing  in  the  bobbin,  to  say  the  least. 

Sheplet,  J.  —  I  do  so  regard  it  now. 

ilr.  Smith.  —  So  I  regard  it. 
"  Sheplzt,  J.  —  Because  the  elevation  of  the  bolster  brings  into  operation  an- 
other element  in  the  relation  of  the  parts  from  what  it  would  by  depressing  the  bob- 
bin. 

"  Mr.  Smith.  — Yes,  sir  ;  changes  the  whole  relation. 

"  Sheplet,  J.  —  It  might,  as  you  say,  change  the  whole  relation. 
Mr.  Smith.  —  Now,  there  is  a  further  observation  to  be  made :  that  if  we  were 
driven  to  an  account,  and  the  plaintiffs  were  to  prove  what  advantage,  under  the 
rules  laid  down  by  the  Supreme  Court,  they  were  entitled  to  lay  hold  of  as  the 
measure  of  their  profits,  they  would  be  bound,  as  I  understand  it,  to  exclude  from 
the  advantages  any  advantage  which  arose  from  elevating  the  bolster. 

"Sheplet,  J.  —  Yes,  sir;  they  might  be  obUged  to  account  to  somebody  else  for 
that." 

We  think  that  these  remarks  of  Judge  Shepley  show  clearly  that  he  deemed 
such  an  elevation  of  the  bolster  and  chambering  of  the  bobbin  as  appears  in 
the  Ocean  Mills  and  Birkenhead  spindles  (Figures  2  and  3)  an  infringement  of 
the  Sawyer  invention.  At  any  rate,  we  so  consider  it;  and  we  hereby  forbid 
any  person  making,  selling,  or  putting  into  use,  hereafter,  any  such  elevated 
bolsters  in  combination  with  bobbins  chambered  or  counterbored  at  the  bot- 
tom, as  in  Figures  2  and  3  of  the  preceding  illustrations. 


THE  NEW  RABBETH  SPINDLE. 


33 


THE  NEW  RABBETH  SPINDLE. 


This  novel  form  of  nii2:-sp indie,  shown  in  the  accompanyitig  illustration, 
was  first  brought  to  the  public  notice  in  1878.  The  name  of  its  ingenious 
inventor,  Mr.  F.  J.  Rabbeth,  was  alread}^  applied  to  a  variety  of  the  Saw- 
yer Spindle  which  has  been  sold  in  this  country  to  the  extent  of  about  a 
quarter  of  a  million,  but  which  is  now  little  made,  except  in  England,  On 
this  accoiuit  we  name  the  later  invention  the  "New"  Kabbeth;  though  it 
has  also  been  widely  spoken  of  as  the  "  Top  Spuidle,"  on  account  of  its  pe- 
culiar construction  and  operation. 

In  the  foregoing  pages  referring  to  the  Sawyer  Spindle,  the  New  Rabbeth 
has  been  spoken  of  as  an  ex- 
ception to  ordinary  ideas  and  iill'flll! 
rules  concerning  spindles,  and 
in  foct  it  involves  mechanical 
principles  not  found  in  any 
other  spinning  structure  with 
which  we  are  acquainted. 
Those  who  have  not  already 
acquainted  themselves  with  it 
will  find  the  following  ex- 
planation of  the  engravings 
useful.  They  are  about  one 
h;df  actual  size.  That  here 
given  shows  a  side  view  of 
tlie  spindle  as  it  appears  when 
in  position  in  the  rail,  and 
having  a  warp  bobbin  upon 
it.  'J'he  one  on  the  following 
page  shows  the  same  in  sec- 
tional view  excepting  the  steel 
part  of  the  spindle  and  the 
step,  which  do  not  appear  in 
section. 

The  distinguishing  pecul- 
iarity of  this  s[)iudle,  as  com- 
pared with  others  in  common 
use,  is  the  foct  that  the  foot 
of  the  spindle  is  not  confined 
in  the  usual  way,  but  rests 
upon  a  flat  surface  on  which 
it  may  move  laterally  in  any 
direction;  and  this  freedom 
of  lateral  motion  extends  to 
the  bolster,  which  is  surround- 
ed by  an  elastic  packiug,  and 
located  at  the  lower  end  of  the 
spindle.  As  a  result  of  this 
arrangement  the  spindle  runs 
steadily  and  without  jar  un- 
der all  ordinary  circum- 
stances, finding  its  natui 
centre  of  rotation,  even  wi 
an  unbalanced  load  of  yarn  or 
a  slightly  defective  bol>bin, 
very  much  as  a  top  will  when 
spun  with  such  velocity  that 
it  "goes  to  sleep."  In  the 
case  of  the  spindle,  its  velocity  is  so  enormous,  and  its  ordinary  load  is  so 
nearly  balanced,  that  the  small  amount  of  liberty  allowed  by  the  elasticity  of 
the  packing  is  sufficient  for  the  purpose. 
2* 


34 


THE  NEW  RABBETH  SPINDLE. 


In  the  sectional  view  given,  A  represents  the  spindle;  B,  the  cup,  which 
receives  the  tapering  lower  end  of  the  bobbin,  and  drives  it  f'rictionally.  There 
is  not,  and  should  not  be,  aji  adhesive  bearing  at  the  top  of  the  bobbin.  C 
is  the  whirl,  which  is  so  located  that  the  pull  of  the  driving  band  comes  op- 
posite the  middle  of  the  bolster  bearing;  D,  the  packing  of  braided  woolen 

fabric  surrounding  the  bol- 
ster; E,  the  cast-iron  base; 

F,  the  step,  having  a  neck  at 
its  lower  end  around  which 
the  packing  is  secured;  and 

G,  the  oil  chamber,  covered 
by  a  brass  thimble,  and  com- 
municating directly  with  the 
packing  and  the  bearings  of 
the  spindle.  Other  details 
are  sufficiently  apparent  to 
need  no  explanation.  The 
spindle  is  adjusted  in  the  rail 
if  desired,  though  in  prac- 
tice it  is  found  easier  and 
better  to  adjust  the  rings. 
In  oiling  use  Downer's  light 
spindle  oil,  or  some  oil  hav- 
ing substantially  the  same 
qualities.  Sperm  oil  or  any 
other  animal  oil  will  not  an- 
swer. In  starting  new  spin- 
dles the  tube  should  be  filled 
daily  for  a  few  days  until  the 
packing  is  fully  saturated. 
After  this  is  done,  once  in 
from  four  to  six  weeks  is  often 
enough  to  oil  them,  if  regu- 

/  rr      1  \  ii^M^ife.  ^'^^^^  '"^'"^^  properly  done. 

(    I'  '  j|  4  iwf^W  name   as   the  most 

IL  il^  ^miWa    Prominent  feature  in  which 

^^•l  i  Is  TJ  ma^ma     the  NewEabbeth  Spindle  ex- 

cels, its  copaciUj  for  running 
at  a  speed  only  limited  by 
the  capacity  of  other  jiarls  if 
the  frame^  or  by  the  ability 
of  the  spinner  to  piece  up  the 
ends.  As  a  matter  of  fact, 
this  spindle  runs  most  satis- 
factorily at  the  highest  prac- 
tical speed,  and  that  it  should 
do  so  is  perfectly  consistent 
with  the  theories  of  its  oper- 
ation. Heretofore  the  pro- 
duction of  the  ring  frame, 
especially  when  spinning  the 
finer  yarns,  has  been  limited  by  the  speed  which  the  spindle  was  capable  of 
bearing  without  injurious  results  from  vibration,  striking  together  of  ends, 
or  otherwise,  but  this  limitation  no  longer  exists.  The  importance  of  this 
point  should  be  fully  understood. 

Other  less  striking  but  still  valuable  advantages  of  this  spindle  are,  its 
cleanliness  —  all  oil  being  confined  where  it  is  wanted ;  the  length  of  time  it 
will  run  without  fresh  oil,  thus  economizing  in  labor  as  well  as  oil;  its  perfect 
steadiness  in  running,  lessening  wear,  and  communicating  no  jar  to  the  frame; 
and  its  economy  of  power,  as  compared  with  any  other  spindle  except  the 
Sawyer. 

The  New  Eabbeth  Spindle  is  well  adapted  for  the  spinning  of  filling  as  well 


NUMBER  IN  OPERATION. 


35 


as  warp  yarns,  and  a  large  number  are  already  in  use  in  Draper's  Filling  Spin- 
ner. 

We  are  prepared  to  alter  old  frames,  or  furnish  spindles  to  builders  of  new 
frames,  and  coiTespoiidence  is  solicited  on  this  point.  We  have  already  put  a 
large  number  of  spindles  in  old  frames  with  most  excellent  and  satisfactory  re- 
sults. 

NEW  RABBETH  SPINDLES  IX  OPERATION,  JANUARY  1,  1881. 


Lawrence  Manufacturing  Co.,  Lowell,  Mass.    .....  44,220 

Wilhmantic  Linen  Co.,  Willimantic,  Conn.        ....  40,232 

Amory  Manufacturing  Co.,  Manchester,  N.  H.        .        .        .        .  23,1S2 

Atlantic  Mills,  Providence,  R.  1  18,200 

Durfee  Mills,  Fall  River,  Mass   .  12,208 

Hamilton  Woolen  Co.,  Amesbury,  jMass  10,000 

Amoskeag  Manufacturing  Co.,  Manchester,  N.  H.  .  .  .  .  8,089 
Pepperell  INlanufacturing  Co.,  Biddelord,  Me.      ....  8,000 

Victoria  Mills,  Newburvport,  Mass.  7,044 

Hamlet  Mills,  Woonsocket,  R.  1  6,400 

AValcott  &  Campbell,  New  York  Mills,  N.  Y.         ....  6,168 

Bozrahville  Co  ,  Bozrahville.  Conn  5,473 

Boston  Maimfacturing  Co.,  A\'altham,  INIass  5,280 

Conant  Thread  Co.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I.  4,608 

Groton  Manufacturing  Co.,  \\'oonsocket,  R.  I.         ....  4,320 

Providence  Steam  Mill,  Providence,  R.  1  3,880 

Pacific  Mills,  Lawrence,  Mass  3,200 

Lancaster  Mills,  Clinton,  Mass  3,120 

H.  Ross  &  Co.,  Providence,  R  1  3,072 

Quidnick  Co.,  Quidnick  Mill.  R.  I.,  and  Baltic  Mill,  Conn.    .        .  2,440 

Conanicut  Mills,  Fall  River,  Mass  2,048 

Sutton  Manufacturing  Co.,  Wilkinsonville,  INIa.ss.         .        .        .  1,984 

Ira  G.  Briggs  &  Co.,  Voluntown,  Conn.  1,952 

Bates  Manufacturing  Co.,  Lewiston,  Me.     .....  1,680 

Houghton  &  Allton,  Putnam,  Conn.       ......  1,536 

Danielsonville  Cotton  Co.,  Danielsonville,  Conn.    ....  ],536 

J.  L.  Peck,  Pittsfield,  Mass  1,415 

Annisquam  Mills,  Rockport,  Mass.     ......  1,380 

Morse  Mills,  Putnam,  Conn.         .......  1,184 

II.  B.  Parker,  Yernon  Depot,  Conn.    .        .  .        .        .  1,156 

H.  Adams,  Rockville,  Conn  ],086 

Wm.  E.  Hooper  &  Sons,  Baltimore,  IMd  1,080 

Sample  frames,  and  lots  under  1,000    10,273 

In  builders'  hands  .  14,128 


Total   261,584 


Tn  addition  to  the  abo\e  there  are  ordtred  at  this  writing  over  two  hundred 
thousand  New  Rabbeth  S[iindles,  not  yet  delivered. 

IT  DOES  NOT  PAY 

Any  manufacturer,  in  these  times,  to  buy  or  use  any  spindles  but  the  best. 
We  have  often  said,  and  proved  it,  too,  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  great  majority 
of  our  customers,  that  the  small  sum  which  the  Sawyer  Spindle,  or  the  New 
Rabbeth  Spindle,  costs  more  than  the  various  inferior  structures  in  the  market, 
is  utterly  insignificant  in  view  of  the  great  advantages  to  be  secured  by  their 
use.  We  ask  your  attention,  particularly  if  you  are  about  to  buy  new  or  re- 
organize your  old  spinning  frames,  or  are  running  common  spindles,  to  the  fol- 
lowing statements  of  fact:  — 

1.  In  the  large  majority  of  cases  the  Sawyer  or  New  Rabbeth  Spindles  re- 
quired for  a  given  production  can  be  had  at  a  considerably  less  original  outlay 
than  conimon  spindles  to  do  the  same  work. 

For  example,  take  the  case  of  No.  30  yarn,  and  assume  that  a  product  is  re- 


36 


THE  NEW  RABBETH  SPINDLE. 


quired  for  whicb  10.000  conmion  spindles  must  be  bought.  Experience  shows 
that  they  cannot  be  run  economically  (that  is,  to  do  good  work,  carry  a  profit- 
ably large  load  of  yarn,  and  ]irove  durable)  at  a  higher  speed  than  0,000  revo- 
lutions per  minute.  But  Sawyer  Spindles  are  running  to-day  successfully  on 
this  number  of  yarn  at  from  7.500  to  7.800  revolutions  per  minute:  and  the 
New  Kabbeth  may  be  run  at  8,500  revolutions,  or  hiirher.  With  this  state  of 
things,  and  with  new  frames  of  common  spindles  at  S  i. 50  per  spindle,  it  does 
not  need  much  arithmetic  to  show  that  enoufrh  Sawyer  or  Eabbeth  Spindles 
for  the  same  work,  at  fifty  cents  more  per  spindle,  will  cost  from  ten  to  twenty 
per  cent,  less  at  the  outset.  With  the  above  speeds.  7,700  Sawyer,  or  7.100 
New  Rabbeth  Spindles  (in  round  numbers),  will  do  the  work  of  10,000  com- 
mon, and  cost  from  $4,000  to  S7,000  less.    We  tabulate  these  statements:  — 


Common 
Spindles. 

Sawyer 
Spiudles. 

New  Rahbeth 
Spindles. 

Speed  

Number  of  spindles 

Cost  of  new  frames,  per  spindle 

"Whole  cost  

6,000 
10,000 
S3. 50 
$35,000 

7.800 
7,692 
S4.00 
$30,768 

8,500 
7,059 
S4.(H) 
$28,236 

2.  The  Sawyer  or  New  Rabbeth  Spindles  at  the  hicher  speed  will  take  on 
an  averaije  from  one  fourtli  to  three  eisrhths  less  power  than  the  common.  Su])- 
l)0se  the  10,000  common  spindles  require  105  H.  P.,  which  is  much  less  than 
the  majority  of  them  would  take  at  6,000  revolutions  per  minute;  the  saving 
would  be.  under  the  above  circumstances,  at  least  twenty-five  per  cent.,  amount- 
ing, in  a  mill  of  this  size,  to  SI, 300  per  annum,  reckoning  the  cost  of  one 
horse-power  at  the  customary  figure  of  $50  a  Aear;  though  under  the  most 
favorable  circumstances  perhaps  a  somewhat  lower  sum  than  this  should  be  as- 
sumetl.    These  facts  may  be  tabulated  as  follows : 

Common 
Spindles. 

Sawyer 
Spindles. 

New  Rabbeth 
Spindles. 

Speed  of  spindles  .... 
Spindles  driven  by  one  H.  P.  at 
above  speeds  .... 
Number  of  spindles 
"Whole  power  

6,000 

95 
10.000 
105  H.  P. 

7,800 

102 
7,692 
75  H.  P. 

8,500 

85 
7,059 
83  H.  P. 

Saving,  average,  2G  H.  P.  @  $50.00  =  $1,300. 

The  above  is  a  liberal  statement  of  this  point  in  the  argument.  We  know 
whereof  we  affirm  in  this  matter,  having  lately  spent  several  thousand  dollars 
in  tests  and  experiments  previously  referred  to,  in  which  over  thirty  different 
kinds  of  spindles  with  forty  varieties  of  bobbins  were  subjected  to  careful  com- 
parison to  ascertain  the  power  required  by  them  under  uniform  circumstances. 

3.  The  spinners  can  (and  do,  as  a  rule)  tend  as  many  Sawyer  or  New  Rab- 
beth Spindles  on  medium  or  fine  work  at  their  increased  speed,  as  they  can  of 
the  common,  because  the  better  spindles  do  better  work,  with  less  breakages 
per  pound  of  yarn  spun.  Here,  then,  with  the  number  of  spindles  reduced  as 
above,  is  at  least  twenty-five  per  cent,  saved  in  cost  of  labor  for  tending.  At 
thirty  cents  per  spindle  per  annum  for  tending,  there  would  be  $750  saved  each 
year  with  the  state  of  thinrrs  assumed  above. 

4.  In  the  same  proportion  is  the  reduction  in  the  amount  of  floor  space  oc- 
cupied. Ten  thousand  spindles,  in  frames  of  the  average  size,  would  occupy, 
with  alleys  and  other  needful  space,  about  10,000  square  feet,  worth,  say, 


COMMON  SPINDLES  UNPROFITABLE.  37 

eighty-five  cents  a  foot.  Here  is  another  saving  at  the  outset,  in  the  case  sup- 
posed, averaging  over  $2,200,  computed  as  follows;  — 


Common 
Spiadles. 

Sawyer 
Spindles. 

New  Rahbeth 
Spindles. 

vSquare  feet  of  floor  space  occupied 
Cost,  at  85  cents  per  square  foot 
Saving  over  common  spindles    .  . 

10,000 
$8,500 

7,692 
$6,538 
$1,962 

7,059 
$6,000 
$2,500 

5.  The  less  cost  of  lighting,  heating,  and  supplies  for  a  reduced  number  of 
spindles  nuist  be  included  in  the  estimate  of  saving. 

6.  With  regard  to  the  Sawyer  Spindles  we  speak  with  certainty  (and  that 
the  same  will  prove  true  of  the  New  Rabbeth  we  can  hardly  doubt),  when  we 
say  that  they  are  more  durable,  as  actually  run,  than  common  spindles;  the 
more  conspicuously  so,  when  the  attempt  is  made  to  run  the  latter  at  compet- 
ing speeds.  Of  course,  if  spindles  are  not  run  at  all,  they  will  be  very  durable 
indeed. 

7.  The  Sawyer  and  New  Rabbeth  Spindles  will  run  more  steadily,  and  hence 
do  better  work  than  any  other.  This  results,  directly  or  indirectly,  from  the 
patented  peculiarities  of  their  construction,  which  caimot  be  had,  to  any 
profitable  degree,  in  any  common  spindle,  without  rendering  the  user  liable  for 
infringement. 

To  recapitulate  the  above  points,  let  us  state:  The  advantages  to  be  derived 
from  the  introduction  of  Sawyer  or  New  Ralibeth  Spindles  instead  of  common, 
in  a  mill  which  would  require  10,000  of  the  latter,  are:  — 

1.  Saving  in  first  cost  of  spindles,  average        ....  $5,498 

2.  Animal  saving  in  power,  average     .....  1,300 

3.  Annual  saving  in  attendance,  avenige  .....  750 

4.  Saving  in  cost  of  needed  floor  space,  average    .        .        .  2,231 

5.  Saving  in  cost  of  light,  heat,  and  supplies. 

6.  Increased  durability. 

7.  Better  quality  of  work. 

While  we  do  not  claim  that  in  all  cases  all  the  advantages  above  set  forth 
will  be  secured  to  the  same  degree,  we  do  not  hesitate  to  say  that  in  the  ma- 
jority of  instances  they  may  be.  In  view  of  these  facts,  which  have  been 
demonstrated  over  and  over  again,  is  any  manufacturer  justified  in  buying  at 
the  present  day  any  spindles  but  the  best?  We  say,  No!  Manufacturers  are 
rapidly  conung  to  the  same  conclusion,  as  the  very  large  sales  of  Sawyer  and 
New  Rabbeth  Spindles  the  past  year  attest;  and  self-interest  should  induce 
those  who  are  in  the  market  to  purchase  to  make  careful  investigation  of  all  the 
facts  before  ordering  common  spindles,  in  the  present  state  of  the  art. 

We  have  taken  out  and  sold  at  two  cents  a  pound  as  old  steel  tons  of  com- 
mon spindles  just  as  good  for  use  as  new  ones. 

The  advantage  gained  in  putting  more  yarn  on  warp  bobbins  by  increased 
speed  is  seldom  spoken  of,  but  we  believe  the  gain  in  spinning  and  spooling 
both  would  pay  a  good  percentage  on  tlie  cost  of  changing  to  the  Sawyer  or 
New  Rabbeth  Spindle,  even  if  nothing  else  were  gained  by  the  operation.  On 
an  average,  we  put  about  20  per  cent,  more  yarn  on  a  bobbin  than  was  done 
on  the  same  frames,  with  other  spindles,  in  1871.  By  this,  in  proportion  to 
the  yarn  spun,  we  save  first  in  importance,  in  the  time  of  the  spinning  machines; 
second,  in  the  labor  of  doflfing;  then  transporting  and  distributing  the  yarn  to 
the  spoolers;  then  in  the  cost  of  spooling  and  the  labor  in  gathering  up  the 
empty  bobbins  and  getting  them  back  to  the  frames;  also  in  the  waste  made  in 
doffing,  and  much  more  than  20  per  cent  of  the  waste  made  in  spooling,  because 
the  increased  speed  always  winds  the  yarn  more  compactly  on  the  bobbins, 
which  tends  to  prevent  their  becoming  snarled.  All  these  facts  are  plainly  to 
be  seen  by  those  who  will  carefully  examine  for  themselves,  yet  very  few  have 
felt  their  full  significance. 


38 


DRAPER'S  FILLING  SPINNER. 


DRAPER'S  FILLINCx  SPINKER. 

Since  the  issue  of  our  last  book,  which  was  published  in  1876,  we  have 
made  what  we  consider  a  very  important  invention,  by  means  of  which  the 
spinning  of  filling  on  ring  frames  is  advanced  from  the  condition  of  a  doubtful 
experiment  to  assured  success. 

Filling  of  a  certain  sort  has  always  been  spun  on  ring  frames,  but  it  had  to 
be  spun  too  hard-twisted  for  most  purposes,  or  wound  too  slack  on  the  bobbins 
to  weave  off  without  making  waste,  or  wound  on  to  a  bobbin  so  large  and 
heavy  as  to  be  objectionable,  and  in  either  case  too  little  yarn  was  wound  on  to 
a  bobbin  to  make  it  desirable  to  use  in  weaving  when  good  cops  made  on  mules 
could  be  procured.  The  best  thing  to  weave  from  hitherto  in  use  has  been 
wound  filling,  i.  e.,  filling  spun  first  and  then  wound  on  to  light,  small  bob- 
bins very  compactly.  This  pre})aration  of  filling  would  last  longer  in  the  shut- 
tle and  make  much  less  waste  than  either  mule  cops  or  yarn  spun  directly  on 
to  bobbins.  We  spin  directly  on  to  bobbins  similar  in  size  and  form  to  those 
used  in  winding  filling,  and  just  about  as  much  is  put  on,  and  that  too  in  just 
as  good  shape  for  weaving  off  without  waste. 

We  claim  for  our  invention  that  we  can  spin  filling  yarn  as  slack  as  it  need 
be  for  any  purpose;  also,  that  we  can  spin  and  wind  it  in  such  form  as  to  put 
more  length  of  yarn  in  the  same  size  shuttle  than  by  any  other  mode  of  spin- 
ning. We  also  claim  that  we  can  spin  it  on  to  a  bobbin  in  such  shape  as  to 
save  substajitially  all  waste  in  w^eaving;  also,  that  we  can  spin  a  given  number 
of  pounds  of  yarn  with  less  power  than  it  can  be  spun  on  mules;  also  that  it 
can  be  spun  at  much  less  cost  per  pound  for  labor:  also,  that  the  machinery 
for  spinning  a  given  amount  will  occupy  less  than  one  half  the  room  required 
by  mules  to  spin  the  same.  We  shall  also  save  one  department,  namely,  mule 
spinning,  and  get  rid  of  employing  a  troublesome  class  of  help.  In  addition 
to  all  the  foregoing  we  should  be  able  to  furnish  niachinery  and  room  to  do  a 
given  amount  for  less  money  than  the  mules  and  room  cost  to  do  the  same 
work. 

Every  inteUigent  person  acquainted  with  ring  spinning  knows  that  every 
time  the  yarn  is  wound  round  the  bobbin  it  loses  a  turn  of  twist:  consequently 
more  twist  is  lost  when  Minding  on  a  small  bobbin  than  on  a  large  one.  Now 
suppose  the  outside  of  a  filling  bobbin  to  be  1^  irclies  in  diameter,  and  the 
small  part  one  quarter  of  an  inch ;  then  one  turn  of  twist  is  lost  in  3^  inches 
on  the  outside,  and  one  turn  of  twist  is  lost  in  each  three  fourths  of  an  inch 
on  the  small  part  of  the  bobbin.  This  shows  that  five  turns  of  twist  would 
be  lost  in  windini;  3|  inches  of  yarn  on  the  small  part  of  the  bobbin,  while 
only  one  turn  of  twist  is  lost  in  the  same  length  of  yarn  wound  on  the  outside. 
This  shows  an  absolute  loss  of  four  turns  of  twist  (in  less  than  four  inches) 
more  on  the  small  than  on  the  large  part  of  the  bobbin. 

Now  you  want  filling  slack  twisted:  yon  al^o  want  it  wound  tightly  upon 
the  bobbin  so  that  it  will  weave  off  without  waste,  and  you  want  as  large  an 
amount  as  possible  put  in  a  iriven  space  so  as  to  save  frequent  doffing  in  spin- 
ning, and  frequent  chantjing  of  shuttles  in  weaving.  In  order  to  do  this  you 
must  have  a  strong  draft  on  the  thread  in  spinning  as  it  is  wound  on  the  bob- 
bin. You  also  want  to  have  the  frame  run  at  a  good  speed  to  secure  produc- 
tion, and  above  all  things  you  want  to  have  the  work  run  well  in  spinning  in 
order  to  make  yarn  chea])ly  and  ^ave  waste  in  spinning. 

Can  this  be  done  on  an  ordinary  frame?    7/'  nof,  why  not? 

The  strength  of  a  chain  is  the  strength  of  its  weakest  part.  It  is  evident 
that  when  making  slack  twisted  ^arn  the  weakest  place  is  where  there  is  the 
least  twist,  consequently  the  weakest  yarn  will  be  made  when  winding  upon 
the  smallest  diameter.  Now,  in  ring  spinning  the  strongest  draft  upon  the 
yarn  by  the  traveler  occurs  when  it  is  being  wound  upon  the  smallest  diam- 
eter. This  brings  the  stron<rest  draft  upon  the  weakest  part  of  the  thread. 
This  is  too  obvious  to  be  disputed  by  any  honest  man  of  decent  intelligence  on 
the  subject. 

It  is  very  plain  that  it  must  have  strength  enough  to  stand  the  strain  put 


THE  EVENER  EXPLAINED. 


39 


upon  it.  Now  suppose  tlie  conditions  to  be  that  }0U  have  the  small  part  of 
the  bobbin  one  fourth  of  an  inch  in  diimieter,  the  lartre  part  1^  inches,  with  a 
ring  of  suital)le  size.  Now  suppose  30U  want  to  put  in  twent)  turns  of  twist 
per  inch  on  No.  38  yarn;  then  when  30U  come  down  to  the  bare  bobbin  you 
have  only  nineteen  turns,  and  the  yarn  t^tretched  more  besides  at  that  part, 
because  the  draft  is  stronger.  Then  to  favor  the  runniiig  of  the  frame  you 
must  make  the  barrel  of  the  bobbin  larger,  —  the  outside  smaller, — run  a 
lighter  traveler,  —  run  slower,  —  or  must  put  in  more  twist.  One  phase  of 
our  iniprovenient  consists  in  so  varying  the  speed  of  the  front  roll  as  to  com- 
pensate for  the  loss  of  twist  in  windnig  on  to  the  bobbin. 

Instead  of  having  the  twist  on  the  barrel  of  the  bobbin  nineteen  to  the  inch 
and  twejity  on  the  outside,  we  can  have  it  twenty  on  every  part  of  the  surface, 
or  we  could  have  it  (if  we  chose)  twenty  on  the  barrel  where  the  strain  is 
greatest  and  nineteen  on  ti  e  outside  where  the  strain  is  least. 

The  ettect  of  this  is  very  apparent  upon  trial,  as  all  will  be  compelled  to 
acknowledge  sooner  or  later.  We  have  so  far  made  the  twist  as  nearly  equal 
as  possible  between  the  two  extremes.  But  changing  the  speed  of  the  front 
roll  has  another  effect  besides  changing  the  twist;  i.  f.,  changing  the  draft  in 
the  same  proportion.  This  makes  the  yarn  or  sliver  slightly  coarser  when 
winding  upon  the  smallest  part  of  the  bobbin,  but  not  perceptibly  so.  In 
fact,  we  believe  it  simply  compensates  for  the  extra  draft  of  the  traveler  at 
that  point,  so  that  the  yarn  is  more  everi  in  size  than  it  would  be  without  the 
change  of  draft.    This  shows  the  philosophy  of  our  invention. 

We  now  carry  out  our  invention  by  driving  the  back  and  middle  rolls  as 
usual.  We  drive  our  iront  rolls  through  a  cone  belt  which  is  shifted  on  the 
cones  to  correspond  with  the  position  of  the  traverse  rail;  and  by  experiment 
we  have  found  it  best  to  run  the  front  roll  about  eigl  t  per  cent,  slower  when 
winding  on  the  barrel  of  the  bobbin  than  when  winding  on  the  largest  part, 
except  on  some  coarse  numbers,  when  there  may  be  less  variation  made. 

To  explain  still  more  clearly  the  working  of  this  improvement,  we  reproduce 
part  of  a  letter  on  the  subject  written  by  our  senior  lately,  as  follows:  — 

"  This  iuvention.  which,  when  applied  to  a  ring  frame  otherwise  properly  con- 
structed, tran^^loims  it  into  '  Draper's  Filling  Spinner,'  changes  what  without  it  is 
a  positive  evil  in  ring  spinning,  to  a  positive  advantage. 

The  evil  I  reter  to  in  a  ring  frame,  especially  when  attempting  to  spin  filling, 
is  the  great  difference  in  the  strain  upon  the  yarn  between  the  guide  wire  and  the 
rolls  when  spinning  upon  thebairel,  compared  with  the  strain  when  spinning  upon 
the  largest  circumterence  of  a  filling  bobbin  ;  especially  when  a  bobbin  with  bar- 
rel small  enough  to  be  economically  used  is  upon  the  spindles.  By  the  use  of  Dra- 
per's Evener  the  }arn  can  be  made  strong  enough  on  the  barrel  of  the  bobbin  to 
stand  the  increased  draft  of  the  traveler  whin  winding  upon  this  .'mall  diameter 
without  breaking  or  stretching  injuriously  the  partly  twisted  thiead  between  the 
rolls  and  guide-wire.  The  effect  of  this  increased  tension,  when  the  yarn  is  strong 
enough  not  to  be  injured  by  it,  is  to  wind  what  is  called  the  i.o?e  of  the  cop  so 
compactly  as  to  prevent  the  yarn  from  slipping  on  the  bobbin  by  the  shock  of 
stopping  the  shuttle  in  the  loom,  or  from  becoming  snarled  by  drawing  the  yarn  of 
one  layer  over  the  others,  as  is  always  done  in  weaving.  This  is  the  positive  ad- 
vantage referred  to  above,  always  accompanied  by  the  ability  to  put  an  increased 
amount  of  yarn  in  the  same  sized  shuttle  in  proper  condition  for  weaving  off  to  the 
best  advantage. 

"I  am  often  asked  by  intelligent  men,  who  might  comprehend  this  matter  with 
but  little  attention,  whether  I  really  think  the  Evener  necessary  in  spinning  filling. 
I  should  just  as  soon  expect  them  to  ask  if  it  is  necessary  to  have  a  spindle  stand 
in  the  centre  of  the  ring,  or  to  have  the  ring  itself  round  instead  of  oblong  in 
order  to  make  the  work  run  well  and  produce  good  yarn,  as  to  ask  the  other  ques- 
tion. In  fact,  it  has  taken  a  long  time  and  much  pains  to  have  manufacturers 
properly  realize  the  importance  of  having  rings  perfectly  round  and  concentric  with 
the  spindles,  and  nothing  but  demonstration  has  convinced  most  manufacturers 
and  machinists  that  it  is  a  nsatter  of  any  great  importance.  When  it  is  proved 
that  you  can  run  a  frame  to  just  as  good  advantage  witli  rings  an  eighth  of  an  inch 
out  of  round  as  with  round  ones  ;  or  run  railroad  trains  up  grade  and  down  grade 
and  around  sharp  curves  with  the  same  amount  of  steam  on,  constantly,  as  when 
running  in  u  straight  line  on  a  level  road  ;  then  it  will  be  proved  that  you  can  spin 
filling  on  a  common  frame  to  just  as  good  advantage  as  w  ith  Draper's  Evener,  and 


40 


DRAPE  US  FILLING  SPINNER. 


not  until  then,  and  for  reasons  jost  as  obvious  to  those  who  will  give  proper  atten- 
tion to  the  subject. 

f •  It  costs  not  exceeding  fifteen  cents  a  spindle  more  to  build  a  filling  frame 
with  Draper  s  Evenor  than  without  it,  and  when  built  the  frame  can  be  used  with 
or  without  chmging  the  speed  of  the  roll.  Nothing  is  charged  for  the  right  to 
use  it  on  frames  hiving  either  Sawyer  or  Rabbeth  Spindles  The  time  will  come 
when  parties  would  not  do  without  i:  for  one  dollar  a  spindle,  after  its  value  is 
properly  appreciated  and  ic  is  worked  to  the  best  advantage,  on  any  but  hard 
twisted  yarn  ;  and  even  on  such  yarn  it  is  an  advantage  not  to  be  neglected  by 
those  who  want  the  best  thing  attainable. 

For  the  benefit  of  those  who  have  not  seen  and  cannot  readily  see  ^  Draper's 
Filling  Spinner,'  I  will  introduce  an  illustration  that  will  enable  me  more  readily 
to  explain  its  operation  :  — 


^'  At  D  and  E  are  represented  two  cone  pulleys,  one,  D.  being  driven  a  uniform 
speed  by  means  of  gearing  connected  with  the  cylinder  shaft.  The  back  and  mid- 
dle draft  rolls  of  the  frame,  also  being  connected  by  gears  with  the  cylinder-shaft, 
are  also  driven  at  a  uniform  speed.  The  cone  E,  from  which  motion  is  communi- 
cated to  the  front  rolls  of  the  frame,  is  driven  by  the  cone  D  through  the  belt  b. 
The  dotted  lines  at  a  and  r  show  that  the  belt  b  sometimes  occupies  a  position  at 
Oy  and  sometimes  at  c.  and  when  in  proper  operation  it  is  moved  by  a  suitable 
traverse  motion  alternately  backward  and  forward  over  the  face  of  the  cones.  Now 
if  the  belt  b  is  made  to  run  in  one  place  in  the  middle  of  the  cones,  then  the  frame 
will  operate  to  all  intents  and  purposes  like  a  common  spinning  frame,  because  the 
spindles  and  ea«h  and  all  the  rolls  will  run  at  a  uniform  s{)eed,  with  relation  to 
each  other,  and  parties  whodon-t  know  any  better  can  run  it  in  that  way  until  they 
learn  the  best  way.  They  would  only  have  to  stop  the  traverse  of  the  cone  belt 
shipper  and  fasten  it  in  the  proper  position. 

The  cop  is  formed  on  the  bobbin  by  the  rising  and  falling  of  the  ring  rail, 
and  the  shipper  that  shifts  the  belt-6  on  the  cones  is  so  operated  as  to  correspond 
in  its  motions  with  the  motion  of  the  ring  rail.  When  the  rail  is  at  the  lowest 
point  the  belt  is  at  a  ;  when  the  ring  rail  is  at  the  highest  point  the  belt  is  at  c  ; 
and  as  it  is  moved  to  correspond  with  the  position  and  movement  of  the  ring  rail, 
it  is  thus  made  to  occupy  a  position  on  the  cones  that  just  corresponds  with  the 
size  of  the  part  of  the  bobbin  upon  which  yarn  is  being  wound.  The  yam  is  be- 
ing wound  upon  the  smallest  part  of  the  bobbin  when  the  rail  is  highest,  and  upon 
the  largest  part  of  the  bobbin  when  the  rail  is  lowest. 

"  Let  us  suppose  we  were  winding  yarn  upon  a  bobbin  of  uniform  size,  and  that 
the  cones  are  so  shaped  and  the  belt  so  operated  as  to  run  the  cone  E.  and  conse- 
quently the  front  rolls  4  per  cent,  faster,  the  belt  being  placed  at  a :  then  the  yarn 
produced  while  the  belt  remained  at  that  point  would  be  4  percent,  finer  and  have 
4  per  cent,  less  twist :  but  if  the  belt  were  changed  in  position  to  c  instead  of  a, 
other  things  as  before,  then  the  yarn  would  be  4  per  cent,  coarser  and  have  4  per 
cent,  more  twist  per  inch  than  with  the  belt  at  b ;  and  the  difference  between  the 
size  and  twist  of  the  yarn  with  the  belt  at  a  and  at  c  would  be  8  per  cent.  It  is 
manifest  that  if  the  conditions  were  such  as  sUited  above  there  would  be  no  occa- 
sion for  the  use  of  the  cones.  Suppose  we  were  spinning  No.  33  filling,  then  while 
the  belt  was  at  n  we  should  be  making  No.  37  44  yarn  wi:h  less  twist  than  we  put 
in  No.  33  with  the  belt  at  b  ;  and  when  the  belt  was  at  c  we  should  be  making  No. 
34  .')'5  yarn  with  more  twist  than  we  put  in  No.  33  with  the  belt  at  b.  Provided  we 
are  allowed  to  suppose  the  yarn  is  ever  perfect,  there  would  be  a  gmdual  variation 
in  eich  300  inches  of  yarn  produced,  in  a  true  taper,  from  No.  34.55  to  No.  37  44, 
or  H  numbers  each  way  from  the  standard  once  in  3)0  inches,  on  an  average,  of 
No.  33  yarn.  This  would  be  greater  than  any  unevenness  that  could  possibly  occur 
under  the  conditions  actually  operating.  But  suppose  the  yarn  was  made  uneven 
to  this  extent,  compared  with  perfectly  even  yarn.    Who  could  find  any  made  by 


HOW  TO  TEST  THE  EVENER. 


41 


any  process  that  would  match  it  for  evenness?  I  doubt  whether  a  skein  of  No. 
36  yarn  was  ever  made  from  ordinary  cotton,  in  any  ordinary  way,  that  did  not 
vary  more  than  this.  (N.  B.  These  statements  of  percentage  are  not  exact,  but 
sufficiently  near  for  illustration.) 

But  the  conditions  are  vot  as  stated  above  in  spinning  filling,  as  we  spin  it  on 
small-barreled  bobbins.  The  twist  per  ii;ch  is  less,  and  the  strain  by  the  traveler 
upon  the  partly  Join  ed  thiead  lelwrtn  the  rolls  ard  guide-wire  is  much  greater 
when  winding  upon  tlie  bairel  of  the  bobbin  than  when  winding  upon  the  outside  ; 
and  the  effect  of  this  without  the  Jivener  is  to  make  the  jam  finer  and  slacker- 
twisted  on  the  banel  ot  the  bobbin,  where  it  is  subjecitd  to  the  greatest  strain 
than  it  is  upon  the  outside  ot  the  bobbin,  where  it  is  suljtcted  to  the  least  strain. 
The  EvfEtr  liikcs  a  pciticn  rf  the  fibies  Ircm  the  part  of  the  thread  where  it  is 
and  must  be  sul  jected  to  the  least  strain,  and  puts  it  just  where  the  thread  is  and 
must  be  subjected  to  the  greatest  strain  in  spinning.  AVith  the  same  cones,  by  sim- 
ply changing  the  length  of  tiaveise  on  the  cones  in  a  proper  manner,  the  change 
of  dralt  and  twist  may  be  made  at  will  8  per  cent.,  or  7,  or  6  or  5,  or  4,  or  any 
other  per  cent.  :  but  we  think  frem  our  experience  so  far  that  8  per  cent,  is  none 
too  much  for  No.  36  filling  jam. 

^'I  think  it  would  Le  very  difficult  to  find  any  No.  36  filling  spun  on  mules  as 
even,  or  as  strong,  when  spun  fum  the  sj.me  roving,  as  that  spun  on  Draper's  Fill- 
ing Spinner  with  the  srme  average  twist.  Any  spinner  who  knows  that  he  could 
use  a  heavier  traveler  if  the  barrel  of  the  filling  bobbin  were  as  large  as  the  out- 
side than  he  can  now  with  the  barrel  as  it  is.  will  eventually  know  that  he  can 
spin  filling  to  much  better  advantage  with  Diaper's  Evener  than  without." 

PRACTICAL  TESTS  OF  THE  EVENER. 

For  the  purpose  of  sliowiiig  in  figures  just  what  the  Evener  accomplishes, 
we  have  lately  had  trials  made  at  different  mills  where  the  Filling  Spinner 
was  in  operation  by  an  entirely  competent  and  reliable  observer.  If  any  doubter 
will  take  the  trouble  to  read  and  understand  the  following  account  of  these 
tests  he  cannot  fail  to  be  instructed  and  convinced;  or  if  this  is  not  enough, 
let  such  an  one  make  similar  experiments  for  himself,  observing  carefully  all 
necessary  precautions  to  avoid  error,  and  see  if  the  resuhs  do  not  verify  our 
statements. 

The  manner  in  which  the  Evener  may  best  be  tested  is  as  follows:  — 
Get  the  frame  into  good  running  order,  so  that  it  runs  well  with  the  trav- 
ersing movement  of  the  cone-belt  stopped,  leaving  it  just  midway  on  the  cones. 
When  the  frame  has  run  well,  so  far  as  the  breaking  of  ends  is  concerned, 
throughout  the  filling  of  several  whole  sets  of  bobbins,  go  to  work  and  reduce 
the  twist,  leaving  the  jarn  the  same  size,  or  else  leave  the  twist  the  same  and 
reduce  the  size  of  the  yarn,  without  any  other  change  in  the  frame  or  the  trav- 
elers or  the  condition  of  the  frame  in  any  other  way,  until  the  running  of  the 
work  is  decidedly  bad,  so  that  no  one  would  be  satisfied  to  have  a  frame 
break  down  ends  to  such  an  extent.  When  the  frame  is  in  this  condition, 
begin  and  keep  careful  record  of  the  number  of  ends  which  break  down,  and 
note  whether  the  break  occurred  when  the  ring- rail  was  at  the  top  or  the  bot- 
tom of  its  traverse,  or  nearer  midway.  This  can  be  ascertained  by  looking  at 
each  bobbin  to  see  where  the  broken  end  is.  After  a  set  of  bobbins  is  filled 
in  this  way,  start  the  traverse  mechanism  which  shifts  the  belt  on  the  cones, 
and  continue  the  observations  during  the  filling  of  another  set,  and  so  on, 
alternately,  during  a  sufficient  number  of  doffs  to  give  a  fair  average.  Of 
course,  when  ends  are  down  from  the  running  out  of  the  roving,  or  are  broken 
by  the  spinner,  they  will  not  be  counted.  Or  if  any  single  end  broke  repeat- 
edly on  account  of  an  imperfect  top  roll,  the  difficulty  should  be  remedied  if 
the  result  is  to  be  rehable,  because  it  is  not  pretended  that  the  Evener  will 
render  ordinarily  good  care  of  the  frame  unnecessary. 

One  other  possible  error  to  be  guarded  against  in  making  such  an  experi- 
ment is,  the  coming  to  a  too  hasty  conclusion  on  the  strength  of  a  short  trial. 
On  such  tender  yarn  as  will  I  e  produced  in  the  course  of  such  a  test,  atmos- 
pheric changes  have  a  very  marked  effect,  and  with  no  change  whatever  in  the 
frame  the  rate  of  breakage  may  easily  be  doubled  within  two  or  three  hours 
from  this  cause.  Consequently,  in  a  test  covering  only  two  or  four  dofis, 
wholly  unrehable  conclusions  might  be  reached. 


42 


DRAPER- S  FILLING  SPn\NER. 


Besides  this  source  of  error,  it  is  extremely  probable  that  in  the  course  of 
an  experiment  covering  only  a  very  limited  time  enough  breakages  might  oc- 
cur from  extraordinary  or  accidental  disturbances  to  modify  the  result  mate- 
rially from  a  true  average.  In  our  judgment,  such  an  experiment  ought  to  be 
contiiuied  through  at  least  twenty  doffs  in  order  to  get  a  good  idea  of  what 
the  Eveiier  will  do. 

If  this  experiment  is  intelligently  and  honestly  tried,  it  will  show  the  value 
of  the  Evener,  to  those  who  know  how  to  observe  such  matters,  without  fail.  If 
it  is  better  to  have  the  Evener  for  use  under  such  circumstances  it  is  better 
under  all  circumstances.  What  we  all  want  is  something  to  do  desirable  things 
with  the  least  difficulty.  The  Evener  is  invaluable  in  helping  over  hard  places 
and  rendering  possilde  nmch  that  camiot  be  done  without  it. 

While  this  test  has  civen  very  satisfactory  and  convincing  demonstration  of 
the  usefulness  of  this  invention,  we  wish  to  point  out  that  it  in  reality  places 
the  I'.vener  at  a  disadvantage  for  the  following  reasons:  — 

The  illustration  following  this  paragraph  shows  the  conical  part  of  the  cop 
formed  on  a  filling  bobbin  in  the  usual  manner,  the  dotted  line  a  uidicating 
half  the  distance  between  top  and  bottom  of  the  cone,  which  is  the  point  where 
the  yarn  is  being  wound  when  the  Evener  belt  is  in  the  middle  of  its  cone-pul- 
leys, and  the  Evener  is  in  operation.  A  moment's  reflection  will  show  any  one 
that,  in  a  single  layer  of  yarn,  more  than  half  of  it  is  wound  below  the  line  a, 
and  less  than  half  on  the  smaller  diameter  above  the  line.  But  when  the 
Evener  is  in  operation,  the  cone  belt  has  reached  the  middle  of  the  cones  when 
the  ring  rail  is  Liying  the  yarn  on  the  cop  at  a,  as  above  stated;  so  that  in  real- 
ity the  yarn  which  is  made  a  little  coarser  and  harder-twisted  than  it  would 
be  at  that  ix)int  without  the  Evener,  to  better 
withstand  the  extra  strain  on  the  barrel  of  the 
bobbin,  amounts  to  less  than  half  of  the  whole 
yarn.  Therefore,  the  yarn  made  with  the  Evener 
on  tiverrtges  a  little  finer  and  slacker-twisted  than 
would  be  made  by  stopping  the  traverse  of  the 
Evener  belt  exactly  in  the  middle  of  the  cones. 
To  get  a  fair  test,  then,  the  lielt  ought  to  be  set 
on  the  cones  so  the  frame  will  make  yarn  of  the 
same  average  size  and  twist  throughout  the  whole 
experiment.  This  can  only  be  accomplished  by 
setting  the  belt,  when  it  is  desired  to  throw  the 
Evener  out  of  operation,  so  it  will  run  nearer  the 
large  end  of  the  driving  cone  in  proportion  as 
more  of  the  yarn  is  found  to  lie  below  the  middle 
of  the  conical  part  of  the  cop.  We  have  suggestett 
putting  the  belt  in  the  middle  of  the  cones,  in  the 
above  directions,  for  the  sake  of  simplifying  the 
matter  as  much  as  possible,  even  at  the  sacrifice 
of  a  small  percentage  which  would  otherwise  ap- 
)ear  in  favor  of  the  Evener. 
In  the  tests  which  we  are  about  to  describe, 
ich  were  made  in  the  manner  above  set  forth, 
the  breakages  were  located  according  to  the  an- 
nexed illustration.  If  the  conical  top  of  the  cop 
(from  "shoulder"  to  '-nose,''  as  some  spimiers 
would  say)  measured  two  inches  in  height,  and 
an  end  broke  in  tlie  upper  half  incli,  it  would 
be  counted  as  having  broken  at  the  top;  or,  if  it 
l)roke  when  winding  within  half  an  inch  either 
side  of  the  centre,  it  would  be  called  a  breakage 
at  the  middle;  or,  if  within  the  lower  half  inch, 
at  the  bottom.  In  other  words,  the  "middle" 
was  considered  to  be  the  middle  half  of  the  cone;  alx)ve  that  the  "  top,"  and 
below  it  the  "  bottom." 

The  first  of  two  tests  which  we  will  give  was  made  at  the  mills  of  the  Ap- 
pleton  Company,  Lowell,  Mass.,  March  2'id  to  25th,  1880.  Number  of  spindles 


RESULTS  OF  TESTS  OF  THE  EVENER. 


43 


in  frame,  160;  yarn  number  12.6;  7  inch  bobbin;  1|  inch  ring.  Experiments 
continued  through  twenty-two  doflfs.  Speed  of  front  roll  during  first  eight 
dofFs,  1G2  revolutions  per  minute,  and  twist  per  inch,  10.33;  during  next  eight, 
168  revohitions  per  minute,  with  twist  10.8;  during  last  six  dofFs,  173  revolu- 
tions per  minute,  witii  twist  10.48.  (The  twist  here  given  is  computed  in  the 
usual  manner,  from  the  speed  of  the  spindle;  the  actual  twist  was  a  half  turn 
less,  owing  to  loss  in  winding  on  the  Ijobbin.) 

Below  is  given  the  record  of  breakages  of  ends,  in  tabular  form.  For  con- 
venience, the  dofFs  are  numbered  from  1  to  22  consecutively.  During  the 
dotis  numbered  2,  4,  6,  8,  10,  and  12,  the  Evener  belt  was  run  in  one  posi- 
tion on  the  cones;  and  during  the  dofFs  numbered  14,  16,  18,  20,  and  22,  the 
Evener  was  taken  ofF  altogether  and  the  twist  gear  made  to  engage  with  the 
intermediates,  so  as  to  drive  the  front  rolls  in  the  manner  usual  on  warp 
frames  of  similar  build.    The  frame  was  built  by  the  Lowell  Machine  Shop. 


EvBjJF.R  IN  Operation. 

Evener  not  Operating  or  Taken  Off. 

Part  of  Yarn  Cone 

Part  of  Yarn  Cone 

No. 

where  Break  occurred. 

No. 

where  Break  occurred. 

of 

Total. 

of 

Total. 

Dofif. 

Doff. 

Top. 

Middle. 

Bottom . 

Top. 

Middle. 

Bottom. 

1 

8 

6 

7 

21 

2 

10 

11 

3 

24 

3 

6 

10 

4 

20  : 

4 

19 

11 

5 

35 

5 

10 

21 

13 

6 

12 

6 

6 

24 

7 

3 

9 

8 

20  1 

8 

17 

10 

4 

31 

9 

3 

4 

4 

i 

10 

19 

14 

2 

35 

11 

1 

10 

7 

18  ! 

12 

20 

7 

3 

30 

13 

1 

5 

5 

11  1 

14 

6 

5 

2 

13 

15 

3 

3 

2 

8 

16 

'I 

4 

2 

17 

17 

3 

4 

1 

8 

18 

5 

1 

11 

19 

3 

4 

2 

9 

20 

9 

3 

4 

16 

21 

4 

11 

9 

24 

22 

26 

4 

10 

40 

45 

87 

62 

194 

154 

80 

42 

276 

An  unusual  numlier  of  breakages  occurring  in  the  fifth  set  was  probably 
partly  due  to  the  frame  being  stopped  an  hour  when  the  bobbins  were  about 
half  filled,  a  circumstance  which  did  not  again  happen. 

From  the  above  table  it  appears  that  in  only  one  of  eleven  comparisons  vrere 
the  breakages  with  the  Evener  in  excess  of  the  breakages  without  the  Evener, 
which  exception  to  the  rule  is  probably  to  be  explained  by  the  fact  just  stated. 
Upon  the  whole,  there  were  about  three  and  one  half  times  as  many  breakages 
without  the  Evener  as  with  it  at  the  point  where  the  Evener  is  intended  to 
strengthen  the  yarn,  i.  e.  at  the  top  of  the  yarn  cone;  and  the  aggregate  shows 
forty-two  per  cent,  more  breakage  without  tlian  with  the  Evener. 

The  second  test,  described  on  page  44.  is  still  more  interesting  and  in- 
structive, because  made  on  a  frame  spinning  finer  yarn,  in  which  the  number 
of  breakages  would  naturally  be  greater,  and  any  advantage  gained  by  the 
Evener  would  be  more  strongly  marked. 

The  trial  was  made  at  the  mill  of  the  Clinton  Manufacturing  Company, 
Woonsocket,  R.  I.,  during  four  and  one  half  days,  beginning  I\Iay  11,  1880. 
Number  of  spindles  in  frame  128;  yarn  averaging  from  No.  36  to  No.  36^; 
6^  inch  bobbin;  1|-  inch  ring;  traveler,  Hicks'  A.  Frame  built  by  Whitin 
Machine  Works. 

Experiments  continued  through  18  dofFs;  two  each  half  day,  — one  with  the 
Evener  running,  and  one  with  the  cone  belt  fiistened  in  proper  position  on  the 
cones.    About  two  and  one  half  hours  were  occupied  in  fiUing  each  set. 


44 


DRAPER'S  FILLING  SPINNER. 


During  the  first  four  doffs  or  sets,  the  speed  of  the  front  rolls  was  114^  rev- 
olutions per  minute;  twist  19.1  per  inch.  During  the  remaining  time  the  front 
rolls  ran  111  revolutions  per  minute,  and  the  twist  was  19.7  turns  per  inch. 
(For  the  actual  twist,  a  half  turn  should  be  subtracted  from  these  figures  for 
loss  in  winding.) 

Tlie  experiments  were  conducted  in  a  similar  manner  to  those  made  at  the 
^ppleton  ]Mills.  The  taper  of  the  Evener  cones  was  such  that  the  amount  of 
variation  due  to  the  Evener  was  about  one  fourth  less  than  we  recommend  for 
No.  o6  yarn ;  and  it  is  obvious  from  the  figures  below  that  the  variation  might 
profitably  have  been  increased,  thus  still  further  reducing  the  number  of  break- 
ages. 


Evener  ix 

Operation.  j 

i                EVEXER  KOT 

Operating. 

Part  of  Yarn  Cone  where 

Part  of  Tarn  Cone  where 

Break  occurred. 

1 

Break  occurred. 

Total. 

Total. 

Top. 

Middle. 

Bottom. 

1 

Top. 

Middle. 

Bottom. 

48 

40 

26 

114 

129 

40 

22 

191 

78 

40 

24 

142 

59 

20 

250 

31 

35 

17 

83  1 

:  96 

39 

13 

148 

49 

45 

26 

120  i 

1  120 

47 

16 

183 

57 

39 

14 

110  i 

99 

36 

15 

150 

66 

44 

16 

126  1 

!  120 

42 

24 

186 

47 

40 

22 

109  ! 

122 

53 

17 

192 

53 

40 

19 

112  ' 

125 

52 

18 

195 

34 

38 

13 

85 

89 

38 

14 

141 

4fi3 

361 

177 

1,001  ' 

1,071 

406 

159 

1,636 

From  the  above  figures  it  appears  that  when  the  Evener  was  not  operating 
there  were  about  two  and  one  quarter  times  as  many  breakages  occurring  at  the 
barrel  of  the  bobbin,  as  there  were  with  the  Evener  running ;  and  upon  the 
whole  there  were  64  per  cent,  more  breakages  without  the  Evener  than  with  it. 

The  above  observations  are  accurate  and  can  be  safely  relied  upon  as  a  basis 
to  judge  of  the  effect  produced  by  the  use  of  the  Evener,  under  the  circum- 
stances given,  or  any  similar  conditions. 

These  tables  should  be  studied.  Let  us  examine  the  one  last  given :  First, 
observe  that  side  devoted  to  spinning  without  the  use  of  the  Evener,  and  see 
whether  any  change  is  needed.  Take  the  upper  half  inch  on  the  cone  of  the 
cop:  more  than  six  times  the  nuinber  of  ends  broke,  on  an  average,  than  on 
the  lower  half  inch,  notwithstanding  the  lower  half  inch  contains  much  more 
length  of  yarn.  Substantially  the  same  difference  is  shown  in  every  doff,  which 
clearly  proves  it  is  not  an  accidental  occurrence. 

The  causes  which  produce  this  great  diflerence  are  plain  to  be  seen,  and 
have  been  pointed  out  in  the  preceding  pages.  "What  we  proposed  to  do.  and 
what  we  have  done  effectually,  by  the  use  of  the  Evener,  is  to  take  something 
from  the  strength  of  the  thread  on  the  bottom,  or  lower  half  inch,  and  transfer 
it  where  it  will  do  the  most  good,  namely,  to  the  upper  half  inch  where  six 
times  as  many  breakages  occur.  By  referring  to  the  table  it  will  be  seen  that 
we  have  increastd  the  breakages  in  the  lower  half  inch  from  159  to  177, 
whereas  in  the  upper  half  inch  we  have  decreased  the  breakages  from  1,071  to 
463.  Thus  by  a  loss  of  18  breakages  at  one  end  we  save  COS  at  the  other,  the 
gain  so  made  being  34  tin)es  the  loss.  Keputations  for  .sagacity  may  be  lo.st, 
but  nothing  worth  having  can  be  gained  by  fighting  against  such  facts  as  these, 

'ihe  late  David  "Whitman  is  often  quoted  as  having  said  that  anything 
which  made  improvement  enough  in  cotton  manufacturing  so  it  could  be 


WHAT  IT  IS  ACCOMPLISHING. 


45 


seen,  manufacturers  could  not  afford  to  do  without.  We  think  the  statement 
true;  but  here  is  a  case  so  plain  that  any  one  who  can  see  a  hole  throu<^h  a 
ladder  caimot  help  seeing  it,  if  lie  will  give  proper  attention  to  the  matter. 
The  figures  plainly  show  how  much  can  be  done  with  the  Evener  in  spinning 
frame  filling  which  could  not  possi[)Iy  be  done  without  it. 

Suppose  a  manufacturer  has  offered  him  the  choice  between  two  lots  of  fill- 
ing frames  agirregating  10,000  spindles  each,  one  or  the  other  of  wiiich  he 
must  use  until  worn  out;  and  one  lot  will  break  down  ends  from  forty-two 
to  sixty-four  per  cent,  more  than  the  other  under  precisely  the  same  circum- 
stances. How  much  more  per  spindle  could  he  afford  to  pay  for  the  frames 
on  which  the  ends  would  run  best?  Could  the  difference  in  value  be  less 
than  a  dollar  a  spindle  ? 

WHAT  IS  BEING  DONE  ON  DRAPER'S  FH.LING  SPINNER? 

To  answer  this  question  in  a  practical  way,  we  propose  to  print  a  few  letters 
received  in  reply  to  inquiries  sent  to  mills  where  the  Killing  Sijinner  has  been 
longest  in  use.  We  give  them  without  connnent,  except  in  one  case,  where 
an  explanation  is  needed  to  set  forth  the  facts.  It  will  be  seen  that  they  are 
successfully  in  operation  on  various  numbers  up  to  3G's  in  the  nulls  repre- 
sented by  the  letters,  and  to  our  knowledge  they  are  giving  quite  as  good 
satisfaction  on  40's.  Testimonials  might  be  multiplied,  if  they  were  needed, 
but  we  advise  the  incredulous  or  uid:)elieving  to  make  personal  investigation, 
which  is  likely  to  be  more  convincing  and  satisfactory.  Our  books  show 
that  94-,4G3  spindles  have  been  sold  in  the  Filling  Spinner,  of  which  G7,1G7 
are  Sawyer  and  the  remaining  27,2J6  New  Rabl)eth  spindles.  We  are  satisfied 
that  this  machine  is  destined  to  supersede  mules  almost  entirely  at  no  dis- 
tant day,  — in  this  country,  at  least. 

HII.L  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY. 

Lewiston,  Mi:.,  February  18,  1881. 

Mkssus.  Georgk  Draper  &  Sons. 

Dmr  Sirs,  —  The  Hill  IMamifactnring  Company  have  running  20  frames 
(2,560  spindles)  with  your  filling  attachment.  Some  of  these  frames  were 
started  in  March,  1877.  About  two  thirds  (1,792  spindles)  are  ruiming  on 
No.  22  yarn,  and  took  the  place  of  3,4-14  mule  (Mason's)  spindles.  About  one 
third  (7G8  spindles)  are  running  on  No.  3G-|-  yarn.  The  average  pi-oduct 
from  these  frames  has  been  52  per  cent,  more  yarn  than  we  have  obtained  from 
Sharp  &  Roberts'  mules.  This  is  true  of  the  frames  which  have  run  more  than 
three  years  on  No.  22,  as  also  those  which  have  run  less  time  on  No.  3G-|-. 

It  was  with  some  hesitation  that  we  put  these  frames  upon  yarn  for  fine 
goods.  We  found,  however,  by  trial,  that  some  two  hours'  exposure  in  a 
hot-air  closet  freed  the  yarn  from  all  tendency  to  curl  or  kink  as  delivered 
from  the  shuttle,  without  any  injury  to  the  bobbins,  and  that  25  per  cent, 
more  cloth  is  woven  with  the  bobbin  filling  than  with  the  cop  filling  at  each 
change  of  shuttle,  so  that  we  have  no  reason  to  be  other  than  satisfied  and 
pleased  with  the  change.  The  advantages  incidental  to  the  large  increase  of 
product  to  the  spindle  in  spiiming,  and  the  lessening  of  shuttle  changes  in 
weaving,  do  not  need  to  be  enumerated. 

The  cost  of  running  the  filling  frames  has  not  been  kept  separate  from 
other  work,  and  without  more  time  than  can  now  be  properly  used  I  cannot 
give  you  the  only  thing  you  want  in  this  as  in  other  directions  —  exact  and 
reliable  figures.    I  shall  be  pleased  to  do  so  at  some  other  time. 

Truly  yours,  J.  G.  Coburx,  Agent. 

NELSON  MILLS. 

WiNCHENDON,  Mass.,  Januanj  24,  1881. 
Messrs.  George  Draper  &  Sons. 

Gentlemen,  —  In  answer  to  your  queries  would  say,  that  I  have  been  spin- 
ning all  my  filling  in  this  mill  on  1,664  spindles  in  "  Draper's  Filling  Spin- 


46 


DRAPER  S  FILLING  SPINNER. 


ner  "  for  nearly  two  years,  having  sold  4,320  spindles  in  Marvel  &  Davol  mules 
of  the  Sharp  <fc  Koberts  pattern,  which  were  in  good  order  at  the  time,  and  sub- 
stituted the  frames.  The  numbers  spun  have  ranged  from  8  to  21,  and  speeds 
from  170  turns  of  front  roll  per  minute  down. 

I  find  as  a  result  of  the  change  a  large  reduction  in  cost  of  labor  and 
supplies,  and  in  amount  of  waste,  and  a  very  material  increase  in  product  in 
the  weave-room  (over  thirteen  i^er  cent  )  in  consequence  of  the  increased  amount 
of  yam  on  a  bobbin  as  compared  with  a  cop.  saving  the  time  of  the  looms. 

In  short,  my  frames  have  given  perfect  satisfaction  up  to  this  time. 

Yours  truly,  Nelson  D.  White. 

POXTIAC  MILLS. 

PoN-rrAC,  E.  I.,  February  9,  1881. 
Messrs.  George  Draper  &  Soxs,  Hopedale. 

Gentltmen,  —  Replying  to  yours  of  January  28,  would  say;  We  have  five 
filling  frames  (704  spindles),  which  have  been  run  about  two  years  on  Xo.  20 
yarn.  Speed  of  front  roll,  153;  average  product  per  spindle  per  day  for  past 
eight  months,  8.92  hanks.  A  single  bobbin  will  weave  5|  inches  of  cloth  82 
inches  wide,  72  picks.  I  am  not  able  to  make  any  comparison  between  mules 
and  frames,  as  I  have  never  spun  filling  for  this  kind  of  goods  except  on  frames. 
"We  make  very  little,  or  comparatively  no  waste,  —  not  near  enough  for  weavers 
to  clean  looms  with. 

The  frames  work  very  satisfactorily,  and  I  am  very  much  pleased  with  them 
for  this  kind  of  work.  The  hanks  per  spindle  might  be  increased  a  little 
more  if  we  had  more  dofFers,  and  did  not  lose  so  much  time  in  doffing.  I 
get  enough  yarn  to  run  my  forty  10-4  and  11-4  looms,  and  it  is  no  use  to  go 
to  extra  expense  on  doffing.  Yours  tru^', 

S.  X.  BouKXE,  Sitperintendent. 

CLIXTOX  MAXUFACTURIXG  COMPANY. 

WoONSOCKET,  R.  I.,  Ftbniary  3,  1881. 
Messrs.  George  Draper  &  Soxs. 

Gentlemen,  —  I  am  in  receipt  of  yours  of  31st  ult.,  inquiring  as  to  the  work- 
ing of  the  "  Filling  Spinner." 

The  twenty  frames  (2.640  spindles)  which  we  started  in  March,  1879,  are 
running  to  our  entire  satisfaction.  During  the  year  just  past  we  have  run 
them  mainly  on  yarn  averaging  Xo.  31.86,  but  have  for  some  months  run  a 
portion  of  them  on  Xo.  36,  and  find  that  the  finer  number  works  equally  as 
well. 

We  have  no  reliable  figures  with  which  to  compare  the  production  of  the 
newest  mules  with  them,  but.  allowing  that  a  mule  on  Xo.  32  yarn  spins  one 
pound  per  spindle  per  week,  or  five  and  one  third  hanks  per  spindle  per  day, 
we  then  for  the  past  year  have  produced  above  thirty-three  per  cent,  more  per 
spindle. 

In  the  weaving  department  we  find  the  bobbin  filling  runs  about  twelve  and 
one  half  })er  cent,  longer  in  the  shuttle  than  the  cop  filling,  making  less  stop- 
pages of  looms  to  change  filling.  The  waste  made  in  weaving  is  a  mere 
trifle,  as  the  yarn  runs  clean  to  the  barrel  of  the  bobbin. 

There  are  other  points  about  the  frames  which  confirn)  us  in  the  good 
opinion  we  have  of  them,  but  the  above  are  briefly  the  main  points  which 
prominently  appear,  and  with  which  we  are  well  pleased. 

I  am  very  truly  yours,  £.  R.  Thomas,  Agent. 

OFFICE   OF  APPLETOX  COMPAJXY. 

Lowell,  Mass.,  February  15,  1881. 

George  Draper  &  Sons. 

Dear  Sirs, —  We  are  running  eleven  ring-spinning  frames  with  Draper's 
Evener,  on  about  Xo.  12.6  filling  for  36-inch  standard  sheetings.  Speed  of 
front  rolls,  150;  speed  of  looms,  140;  spindles  required  per  loom,  12^;  spindles 
tended  by  one  spinner,  528. 


WHAT  IT  IS  ACCOMPLISHING. 


47 


We  need  19  mule  spindles,  1|  inches  gauge,  of  best  modern  style,  for 
each  loom  using  mule  filling  on  same  kind  of  work,  and  make  between  two 
and  three  times  as  much  waste  in  weaving.  The  ring-spun  yarn  runs  twenty- 
two  per  cent,  longer  in  the  shuttle,  and  requires  less  than  half  the  room  in 
the  mill  for  a  given  amount  of  work. 

The  advantages  of  ring  frames  over  mules  on  account  of  less  risk  from 
fire,  and  on  account  of  the  class  of  operatives  required,  are  obvious. 

Yours  truly,  J.  H.  Sawyek,  Superintendent. 

GLOBE  MILL. 

WooxsocKET,  R.  I.,  January  29,  1881. 
Geo.  Draper  &  Sons,  Hopedale. 

Gentlemen,  —  Inclosed  please  find  statements  of  the  production,  cost,  etc., 
of  filling  yarn  spun  with  Mason  mules  and  the  Draper  filling  frames  for  a 
period  of  six  months  ending  January  1,  1881.  On  the  filling  frame  bobbins 
we  put  about  l,'i52  yards  in  two  hours  and  forty  minutes,  and  can  weave,  on 
an  average,  say  14  inches  of  39-inch  cloth  of  84  picks,  per  bobbin.  If  we 
were  using  the  frame  filling  exclusively,  our  experience  thus  far  shows  that  we 
should  make  only  13  per  cent,  of  the  quantity  of  cop  waste  now  made  with  mule 
filling. 

While  the  purchase  of  our  filling  frames  seemed  a  necessity  at  first,  we  have 
seen  no  reason  since  to  regret  their  adoption,  and  are  pleased  with  them  in 
every  respect.  Yoins  truly, 

Walter  E.  Parker,  Superintendent. 

[Note.  The  Globe  Mill  has  2,112  spindles  running  in  the  Filling  Spin- 
ner on  No.  35  yarn  at  a  speed  of  104  revolutions  per  minute  of  the  front  roll. 
Comparing  the  figures  given  by  INfr.  Parker  for  the  frames  with  those  given  for 
Mason  mules  on  No.  37,  we  find  that  the  fran)es  produce  49  per  cent,  more 
per  spindle  than  the  mules,  at  a  cost  per  pound  27  per  cent.  less.  Only  a  very 
small  part  of  this  advantage  is  due  to  the  difference  in  numbers  of  yarn.] 

OFFICE  OF  SHETUCKET  COMPANY. 

Greenville,  Conn.,  February  11,  1881. 

Geo.  Draper  &  Sons. 

Gentlei)ie7i,  —  You  ask  for  my  opinion  of  your  "Filling  Spinner"  I  have 
now  ran  the  "  Spinner"  three  years,  and  have  had  time  to  learn  something  of 
its  defects  and  merits  compared  with  other  methods  of  spinning. 

I  find  the  cost  of  labor  on  yarn  from  No.  10  to  No.  20  to  be  five-ninths  of 
the'cost  of  the  same  number  spun  on  mules.  Tiie  waste  on  cop  filling  on  coarse 
yarns  is  generally  more  than  one  per  cent,  of  the  filling  spun ;  the  waste  from 
the  bobbin  filling  is  so  small  that  it  is  not  taken  into  the  waste  account.  The 
bobbin  has  a  greater  length  of  yarn  on  it  than  the  cop,  requires  less  changing 
of  shuttles  in  weaving  and  less  stoppage  of  looms,  and  makes  more  perfect  cloth. 
I  think  we  can  spin  a  pound  of  yarn  with  less  power  on  the  "  spinner"  than 
we  do  on  the  mule,  and,  I  think  it  safe  to  say  that  it  requires  no  more  power 
per  pound  of  yarn  to  spin  filling  on  the  "spinner"  than  on  the  mule. 

I  have  never  made  yarn  on  the  "  spiinier  "  finer  than  No.  20,  and  there 
may  be  objections  to  the  frame  filling  on  fine  numbers,  as  the  filling  cannot  be 
steamed;  but  on  coarse  filling,  I  think,  no  mill  can  afford  to  run  mules.  I 
am  now  putting  in  another  lot  of  these  filling  frames,  to  be  used  for  spinning 
warp  or  filling  as  the  looms  require,  for  I  find  an  advantage  in  spinning  warp 
on  the  •'  Filling  Spinner"  over  spinning  on  the  Sawyer  warp  frames.  I  am 
now  spinning  No.  16  warp  on  the  Sawyer  warp  frame,  front  roll  running  108; 
and  warp  of  the  same  number  and  going  into  the  same  goods,  on  the  filling 
frame,  with  front  roll  running  128 — piecers  attending  same  number  of  spin- 
dles on  each  kind  of  frame. 

I  do  not  make  this  statement  from  any  prejudice  for  or  against  this  or  any 
other  machine,  or  from  any  theoretical  basis,  but  give  it  from  the  every-day 
practical  running  of  a  mill.  Yours  truly, 

R.  H.  Plummer,  Agent. 


48 


DRAPER'S  FILLli\G  SPINNER. 


VALE  MILLS. 

Xashua,  N.  H.,  January  25,  1881. 

Geo.  Draper  &  Soxs. 

Gentlemen,  —  In  reply  to  yours  of  22(1,  we  would  say:  We  ran  one  of  your 
fillin;^  frames  on  No.  3G  yarn  three  years  by  the  side  of  the  Smith  mule,  com- 
parin;^  tlie  quality  of  yarn  and  savinGj  in  cost  with  it,  and  found  a  saving  of 
fully  20  per  cent,  in  cost  and  an  improved  quality  of  cloth.  One  year  ago  we 
changed  our  mules  for  your  improved  frame,  and  find  the  benefits  even  greater 
than  at  first.  We  have  eight  frames  of  208  spindles  each,  making  2,000  lbs. 
of  No.  34  yarn  in  GG  hours,  a  good  spinner  ruin)ing  six  sides.  The  cost  in 
weaving  has  been  reduced  one  cent  in  fifty  yards,  with  comparatively  no  waste, 
one  bobbin  making  22  inches  of  40-inch  cloth,  GO  picks  per  inch. 

Yours  truly,  B.  Sauxders,  Treasurer. 

L*XCASVILLE  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY. 

Uncasville,  Conn.,  February  1,  1881.  • 
Messrs.  Geo.  Draper  &  Sons. 

Gentlemen,  —  The  above  company  put  in  1,.584  spindles  of  your  Filling 
Spinner  between  two  and  three  years  ago.  We  have  run  them  on  No.  18 
filling  since  then  with  entire  satisfaction,  obtaining  a  very  large  increase  of  pro- 
duction over  the  old  ring  filling  spindles  thrown  out,  and  that  too  with  272 
spindles  less.  The  new  spindles  furnish  filling  for  twenty-three  per  cent,  more 
goods  than  the  old  ones,  and  cost  for  spinning  eight  per  cent,  less  per  side  of 
same  number  of  spindles  than  the  old  ones  cost. 

Yours  truly,  C.  H.  Witter,  Superintendent. 

DETAILS  OF  THE  FILLING  FRAME. 

Speeds.  Productions,  etc. 

With  regard  to  size  of  rings  and  length  of  traverse  for  different  numbers  we 
recommend  — 

lior  No.  10  yarn,  1^9_  inch  ring,  7  inch  traverse. 
For  No.  20  yarn,  1^  inch  ring,  6^^  inch  traverse. 
For  No.  30  yarn,  1§  inch  ring,  6  inch  traverse. 
For  No.  35  yarn,  1^5.  Inch  ring,  G  inch  traverse. 
For  No.  40  yarn,  1^    inch  ring,  6   inch  traverse. 

Of  course  in  extraordinary  circumstances,  or  with  material  variations  from 
the  average  twist  these  figures  may  be  profitably  varied.  The  size  of  shuttles 
and  speed  of  looms  will  be  controlled  to  a  certain  extent  by  the  size  of  the  cop, 
if  the  latter  be  taken  as  a  starting-point.  But  if  looms  are  run  at  the  most 
profitable  speed,  there  will  be  no  ditiiculty  with  cops  of  the  size  of  those  indi- 
cated above. 

With  regard  to  the  preparation  of  the  yarn  for  weaving,  it  is  only  necessary 
to  keep  sufticient  filling  ahead  to  let  the  yarn  lie  from  twenty-four  to  seventy- 
two  hours  in  the  boxes  before  it  goes  to  the  looms.  Steaming  or  sprinkling 
the  yarn  is  certain  to  spoil  the  bobbins.  If  any  treatment  is  necessary,  the 
best  is  to  "age"  the  yarn  by  letting  it  stand  a  few  hours  in  a  cool,  damp 
place,  which  will  put  it  in  the  best  possible  condition  for  weaving  without 
kinks,  and  will  not  hurt  the  bobbins. 


SPEED  AND  PRODUCTION. 


49 


As  to  size  of  the  cone  pulleys  for  the  Evener  we  wish  to  say  a  word.  AVe 
recommend  a  pulley  of  eight  inches  diameter  at  the  middle,  of  four  and  one 
half  inches  face,  and  tapering  half  an  inch  in  the  four  and  a  half.  This  will 
allow  an  inch  and  a  quarter  double  belt,  such  as  is  generally  used,  sufficient 
traverse  to  give  all  the  variation  needed  for  spinning  No.  3G  filling.  Larger 
pulleys  require  to  be  made  with  more  taper  to  give  variation  enough,  and 
therefore  are  likely  to  be  less  satisfactory  in  their  operation.  The  pulleys 
should  be  covered  with  leather,  or  else  copper-faced,  to  promote  adhesion  of 
the  belt.  There  should  be  opportunity  for  adjustment  in  the  mechanism  oper- 
ating the  shipper,  so  that  its  traverse  may  be  changed,  if  a  material  change  in 
the  number  of  yarn  spun  renders  it  desirable. 

We  have  prepared  for  convenience  of  reference  the  following  table  of  pro- 
duction of  Draper's  Filling  Spiimer,  based  upon  results  actually  obtained  in 
several  different  mills.  We  recommend  running  on  the  different  numbers  of 
yarn  at  speeds  not  less  than  those  given  in  this  table.  With  good  staple  and 
preparation  these  speeds  and  productions  should  be  exceeded;  and  in  fact 
they  are  materially  exceeded  in  several  mills.  The  advisable  speed  is  the  high- 
est at  which  the  work  will  run  well. 

The  production  in  the  table  is  obtained  by  computation  from  the  speed  of 
the » front  roil,  making  such  allowance  for  loss  from  all  causes  as  a  careful 
comparison  of  reliable  statistics  in  our  possession  shows  to  be  fair. 


TABLE 

Showino  tue  Production  op  Draper's  Filling  Spinner  for  Differsnt  Numbers 
OF  Yarn,  under  the  Ten-Hour  System. 

Tdis  speed  and  proiiiction  should  be  and  is  exceeded  under  ordinarily  fa- 
vorujle  circumstances.     See  above  explanation. 


Num- 
ber of 
Yarn, 

Revs, 
per  Min. 
of  Front 
Roll. 

Product  per  Spindle. 

Num- 
ber of 
Yarn. 

Revs, 
per  Min. 
of  Front 

Roll. 

Product  per  Spiudle. 

Hanks  per 

Day  of 
10  Hours. 

Lbs .  per 
Week  of 
60  Hours. 

Hanks  per 

Day  of 
10  Hours. 

Lbs.  per 
Week  of 
60  Hours. 

6 

164 

8.48 

8.48 

29 

118 

6.62 

1.37 

7 

162 

8.38 

7.18 

30 

116 

6.51 

1.30 

8 

160 

8.28 

6.21 

31 

114 

6.47 

1.25 

9 

158 

8.27 

5.52 

32 

112 

6.35 

1.19 

10 

156 

8.17 

4.90 

33 

110 

6.24 

1.13 

11 

154 

8.06 

4.40 

34 

108 

6.13 

1.08 

32 

152 

8.05 

4.02 

35 

106 

6.08 

1.04 

];} 

150 

7.95 

3.67 

36 

104 

5.96 

0.99 

14 

148 

7.84 

•  3.36 

37 

103 

5.91 

0.96 

15 

146 

7.83 

3.13 

38 

102 

5.85 

0.92 

16 

144 

7.72 

2.90 

39 

101 

5.79 

0.89 

17 

142 

7.61 

2.69 

40 

100 

5.74 

0.86 

18 

140 

7.59 

2  53 

41 

99 

5.74 

0.84 

19 

138 

7.48 

,  2.36 

42 

98 

5.68 

0.81 

20 

136 

7.37 

2.21 

43 

97 

5.62 

0.78 

21 

134 

7.35 

2.10 

44 

96 

5.57 

0.76 

22 

132 

7.24 

1.97 

45 

95 

5.51 

0.74 

23 

130 

7.13 

1.86 

46 

94 

5  45 

0.71 

2-t 

128 

7.10 

1.77 

47 

93 

5.45 

0.70 

25 

126 

6.99 

1.68 

48 

92 

5  39 

0.67 

26 

124 

6  88 

1.59 

49 

91 

5.33 

0.65 

27 

122 

6.84 

1.52 

50 

90 

5.27 

0.63 

28 

120 

6.73 

1.44 

It  will  be  found  that  after  running  three  or  four  months  the  Filling  Spinner 
will  bear  at  least  ten  per  cent,  increase  from  the  speed  at  which  it  is  desirable 
3 


no 


DRAPER  S  FILLING  SPINNER. 


to  start  the  frames  when  entirely  new.  The  rin(i;s  especially  require  to  l  e 
bm-iiished  by  actual  use  for  a  time  to  bring  them  into  the  most  favorable  con- 
dition. 

Much  has  been  said  and  written  with  regard  to  the  comparatively  even 
size  of  yarn  spun  from  the  same  roving,  on  a  mule  or  on  a  ring-spinning 
frame.  We  call  attention  to  another  matter,  to  wit,  the  comparative  even- 
ness of  distribution  of  the  twist  in  the  yarn.  In  this  important  particular 
the  yarn  spun  on  ring  frames  has  a  great  advantage  over  that  spun  on  mules. 
We  think  the  fact  and  the  reason  for  it  can  be  made  entirely  plain  to  those 
who  have  a  fair  understanding  of  such  matters.  All  cotton  yarn  has  more 
or  less  places  in  it  both  larger  and  smaller  than  the  average  size  of  the 
thread.  All  who  know  anything  about  the  matter  also  know  that  the  smaller 
places  receive  and  retain  the  larger  amounts  of  twist,  and  in  proportion  as 
they  are  smaller.  It  woidd  be  a  very  even  thread,  in  ordinary  work,  which 
did  not  have  more  than  three  quarters  of  the  twist  in  one  half  its  length, 
taking  a  yard  or  two  yards  at  a  time.  Please  examine  threads  made  from 
black  and  white  roving  spun  together,  and  the  facts  above  stated  will  plainly 
appear. 

Now  suppose  a  stretch  on  a  mule  to  be  sixty  inches  long:  then  the  excess 
of  twist  will  be  the  greatest  in  the  smallest  place  in  the  whole  sixty  inches  of 
yarn.  In  mule  spinning  the  whole  sixty  inches  is  spun,  and  then  wound  upon 
the  cop,  and  a  new  stretch  commenced.  Now  if  the  stretch  were  reduced  to 
thirty  inches,  then  the  twist  could  not  run  into  a  small  place  beyond  that 
thirty  inches.  The  ring  frame  does  not  have,  on  an  average,  over  ttn  inches 
of  yarn,  at  the  outside,  from  the  surface  of  the  bobbin  to  the  bite  of  the  rolls, 
for  the  twist  to  run  into.  It  is  plain  that  the  chance  of  having  an  extremely 
small  place  in  sixty  inches  is  mathematically  certain  to  be  six  times  as  great 
as  in  a  ten-inch  length.  By  the  same  rule,  the  excess  of  twist  to  be  ab- 
sorbed by  an  extremely  small  place  is  also  six  times  as  great  in  sixty-inch 
lengths  of  yarn  as  in  ten- inch  lengths. 

This  is  probably  the  reason  why  filling  spun  on  Draper's  Filling  Spinner 
makes  a  better  finish  on  cotton  flannel  than  can  be  got  with  filling  spun  on 
mules  from  the  same  roving. 

Many  manufacturers  said  to  us:  "  You  cannot  spin  filling  yarn  on  your 
ring  frames  suitable  to  make  cotton  flannel."  It  is  now  fully  pro\ed  that  we 
can  spin  it  far  better,  do  it  cheaper,  and  save  the  vast  amount  of  waste  usually 
made  in  weaving  those  coarse  soft  cops. 

We  are  frequently  asked  the  question  whether  the  filling  frame  does  not  re- 
quire more  power  than  the  mule.  The  Draper  Filling  Spiimer  unquestiona- 
bly takes  more  power  per  spindle;  but  per  pound  produced  it  takes  less  than 
the  modern  mule,  provided  the  mule  carries  a  cop  of  equal  size  with  the 
frame. 

ADVANTAGES  OF   OUR   IMPROVED  BOBBIN  AND  SHUTTLE, 
IN  CONNECTION  WITH  THE  FILLING  SPINNEK. 

Since  the  introduction  into  use  of  the  Filling  Spinner,  some  builders  of  ma- 
chinery have  furnished  some  frames  upon  which  filling  has  been  spim  without 
the  improvements  invented  and  adopted  by  us.  We  have  always  claimed  that 
while  we  could  spin  filling  cheaper  than  on  mules,  the  greatest  gain  was  to  be 
in  the  weaving  department.  We  can  weave  more  per  loom,  because  the  fill- 
ing will  not  break  as  much  or  run  out  so  often.  By  actual  count  on  the  Mer- 
rimack corporation  in  I^well,  a  weaver  changed  a  shuttle  or  stopped  the  loom 
twice  as  often  when  weaving  good  mide  cops  as  when  weaving  filling  spun  on 
Draper's  Filling  Spinner.  But  suppose  we  call  it  fifty  per  cent,  more,  it  is 
then  very  important.  Our  customers  in  various  places  say  they  save  nine 
tenths  of  the  cop  waste,  —  another  very  important  item.  It  being  of  vital 
importance  in  both  spinning  and  weaving  to  get  as  much  yarn  on  the  bobbin 
as  possible,  and  have  it  weave  off  well,  we  desire  to  call  particular  attention 
to  our  improved  manner  of  holding  the  bobbin  in  the  shuttle.  We  hold  our 
bobbins  by  a  catch  taking  hold  in  a  groove  upon  the  inside  of  the  bobbin ;  all 
others  have  the  catch  take  hold  in  a  groove  outside  the  bobbin.  The  two 
methods  are  plainly  shown  in  the  cuts  on  the  opposite  page. 


52 


DRAPEWS  FILLING  SPINNER. 


Fig.  1  shows  our  improved  bobbin ;  also  the  way  the  catch  is  applied. 

Fig.  2  shows  the  old-fashioned  bobbin ;  also  the  way  the  catch  is  applied. 

No  argument  is  needed  with  those  weavers  who  have  tried  both  kinds  to 
convince  them  which  is  the  best;  but  all  have  not  tried  them,  and  for  the  ben- 
efit of  those  who  have  not,  we  call  attention  to  the  advantages  of  our  improved 
shuttles  and  bobbins.  It  is  more  convenient  to  put  in  or  remove  bobbins  from 
our  shuttles  than  from  the  old  kind.  The  shuttles  are  less  liable  to  get  out 
of  order.  The  wood  between  the  groove  and  the  end  of  the  bobbin  is  far 
^  more  likely  to  split  out  on  the  outside  than  on  the  inside  of  the  bobbin,  be- 
cause the  inside  of  the  circle  is  stronger  than  the  outside.  This  breaking  out 
is  a  serious  evil  in  outside  catch  bobbins,  as  it  spoils  the  bobbins,  wastes  the 
yarn  on  them  more  or  less,  and  does  damage  in  other  ways.  But  the  advan- 
tage in  weaving  and  spinning  hoi/),  of  getting  more  yarn  on  a  bobbin,  of  the 
same  size  and  length,  is  not  likely  to  be  overestimated. 

We  can  use  as  long  a  bobbin  of  our  kind  in  a  given  length  of  shuttle  as 
can  be  used  of  the  old  kind.  We  can  use  all  the  lower  end  of  the  outside 
of  our  bobbin  to  wind  yarn  on,  while  with  the  old  kind  it  takes  about  three 
eighths  of  an  inch  for  the  catch  and  groove.  Consequently  we  can  utilize  about 
three  eighths  of  an  inch  more  traverse  for  yarn  in  the  same  length  of  bobbin. 
The  difference  in  the  amount  of  yarn  on  a  bobbin  six  and  one  half  inches  long 
on  this  account  would  be  ten  per  cent,  more  on  our  improved  bobbin. 

Now  that  would  save  nearly  ten  per  cent,  of  the  time  of  the  spinning  frames 
in  doffing;  also,  the  same  per  cent,  of  the  time  of  the  looms  spent  in  changing 
shuttles;  of  the  labor  of  dotiing  and  changing  shuttles:  of  the  labor  and  trouble 
of  transporting  the  full  bobbins  to  the  looms  and  the  empty  bobbins  back  to 
tiie  frames;  and  of  the  waste  made  in  doffing  the  frames  and  changing  the 
shuttles.  We  have  no  douI)t  but  the  savings  enumerated  would  pay  a  large 
interest  on  an  outlay  of  $2.00  per  spindle  more,  for  frames  and  shuttles  using 
our  improved  bobbins. 

Our  system  of  spinning  filling,  including  in  addition  to  the  inside  catch  the 
Modified  Sawyer  Spindle  or  the  New  Eabbeth  Spindle  and  our  Evener,  enables 
us,  other  things  being  equal,  to  use  a  bol)bin  with  a  smaller  barrel,  also  to  run 
at  a  higher  speed,  and  also  to  use  a  heavier  traveler  at  the  same  speed  without 
stretching  the  sliver  between  the  guide  wires  and  the  rolls.  Each  of  these  dif- 
ferences enables  us  to  get  more  and  more  yarn  on  a  bobbin  in  the  same  size 
shuttle.  There  is  no  possibility  of  getting  on  the  same  amount  of  yarn,  other 
things  being  equal,  at  a  speed  of  one  hundred  revolutions  of  the  front  roll  as  at 
a  speed  of  one  hundred  and  twenty.  The  difference  in  quantity  will  be  nearly 
as  the  difference  in  speed.  You  are  limited  in  the  amount  of  draft  you  can 
properly  have  between  the  traveler  and  the  rolls  by  the  amount  the  sliver  will 
bear  without  stretching  just  after  it  leaves  the  bite  of  the  rolls,  especially  in 
slack  twisted  yarn  with  a  small  angle  over  the  guide  wire.  The  draft  between 
the  traveler  and  the  bobbin  after  the  yarn  is  fully  twisted  is  what  decides  how- 
hard  the  yarn  is  wound  upon  the  bobbin,  and  this  is  increased,  using  the  same 
traveler,  when  the  speed  is  increased. 

While  this  is  perfectly  plain  in  practice,  but  few  mainifacturers  seem  to  be 
fully  aware  of  the  fact  or  its  important  bearing  on  either  the  warp  or  filling 
question.  Applied  to  either  the  Sawyer  or  the  New  Rabbeth  Spindle  the  bob- 
bins vary  in  height  so  much  less  than  on  the  ordinary  taper  spindles,  that  we 
can  with  safety  spin  nearer  both  ends  of  either  a  filling  or  warp  bobbin,  and  this 
enables  us  in  practice  to  get  at  least  five  per  cent,  more  yarn  on  a  filling  bobbin 
in  addition  to  all  above  enumerated. 

Weaving  is  the  most  costly  and  important  process  in  making  plain  cloth. 
Nearly  one  half  the  cotton  looms  in  the  country  are  weaving  print  cloths.  At 
twenty-one  cents  per  cut  of  forty-nine  yards,  and  seven  yards  to  the  pound,  the 
weaver  gets  three  cents  per  pound  of  cloth  produced.  This  is  independent  of 
the  wages  of  overseers,  loom  fixers  and  spare  hands  of  all  kinds,  and  is  about  as 
much  as  is  paid  to  the  help,  independent  of  overseers  and  spare  hands,  on  all 
the  other  processes  in  manufacturing  print  cloths.  This  shows  that  ten  or  any 
other  per  cent,  saved  in  the  cost  of  weaving  is  as  important  as  the  same  per 
cent,  saved  on  all  the  other  processes,  and  you  cannot  afford  to  make  any  other 
process  cost  less  if  it  makes  the  weaving  cost  proportionally  more. 


AMOUNT  OF  YARN  ON  A  BOBBIN. 


53 


In  order  to  set  this  suhject  befoi'e  manufacturers  as  fully  in  detail  as  its  im- 
portance demands,  we  close  this  chapter  on  frame  fillini(  with  extracts  from 
certain  articles  lately  written  by  our  Mr.  George  Draper  for  publication  in  the 
New  York  "Industrial  Record,"  which  will  be  found  worthy  of  a  reperusal  by 
any  who  have  already  read  them  in  that  paper. 

I. 

The  importance  of  winding  the  yarn  tightly  and  compactly  on  the  bobbin 
for  spiiming  either  warp  or  filling,  but  more  particularly  in  the  latter  case, 
ought  to  be  too  obvious  to  dwell  upon :  but  I  am  satisfied  that  those  who  have 
not  been  practical  weavers  for  many  years,  as  I  have  been,  do  not  properly  ap- 
preciate the  advantages  to  be  derived  from  it.  Every  experienced  weaver  or 
mule  spinner  knows  that,  other  things  being  equal,  the  harder  a  cop  is  the 
better  it  is  for  weaving;  and  conversely,  the  softer  it  is  the  poorer  it  is  for  weav- 
ing. The  same  law  holds  good  with  a  cop  spun  on  a  bobbin  as  well  as  with 
one  upon  a  cop  tube;  on  a  frame  as  well  as  on  a  mule.  If  it  be  asked  by  per- 
sons inexperienced  in  weaving,  why  a  hard  cop  is  so  much  better  than  a  soft 
one,  I  answer:  — 

First,  because  it  will  weave  oflf  better  in  the  loom,  being  less  likely  to  tangle 
and  break,  or  run  off  in  kinks.  Second,  it  is  less  likely  to  pull  apart  in  the 
shuttle,  and  thus  make  waste.  Third,  the  hard  cop  will  contain  more  yarn. 
In  proportion  as  it  contains  more  yarn,  it  will  save  in  the  time  of  the  machinery 
in  doffing,  and  the  great  labor  and  waste  which  pertain  to  that  operation.  It. 
will  also  save  in  that  proportion  the  labor  of  handling  and  distributing  the  full 
bobbins  among  the  looms,  and  the  gathering  up  and  returning  the  empty  ones. 
It  will  further  affect,  in  the  same  proportion,  the  number  of  times  the  weavers 
must  change  the  shuttles  in  their  looms,  with  all  the  hindrance  of  the  machines, 
and  labor  and  vvaste,  and  bad  places  in  the  cloth  implied  to  the  experienced  in 
such  matters  by  that  operation.  To  give  a  definite  idea  of  how  much  is  gained 
by  the  use  of  a  machine  capable  of  putting  ten  per  cent,  more  yarn  on  the  bob- 
bin than  another,  other  things  being  equal,  I  will  say  that  I  am  confident  the 
latter  would  be  worth  not  less  than  double  the  former  for  use,  counting  all  the 
advantages  in  weaving  as  «ell  as  spinning.  The  importance  of  saving  in  the 
weave  room  nnist  not  be  forgotten,  because  weaving  costs  as  much  for  labor  as 
all  the  other  processes  together,  even  in  print  cloths.  In  a  previous  paper  I 
have  commented  more  fully  on  this  point. 

Having  shown  the  importance  of  winding  the  yarn  compactly  upon  the  bob- 
bin so  as  to  make  a  hard  cop,  I  will  now  proceed  to  show,  as  I  think  I  can  to 
the  thoughtful  reader,  that  the  only  plan  upon  which  the  best  results  in  this 
direction  can  be  obtained,  is  by  the  adoption  of  Draper's  Filling  Spinner. 

I  will  state,  as  the  first  proposition,  that  it  is  not  possible  to  wind  the  yarn 
as  compactly  on  the  bobbin  on  an  ordinary  ring  frame,  running  at  a  speed  of 
80  revolutions  per  minute  of  the  front  I'oll,  as  when  the  frame  is  speeded  up  to 
100  revolutions  per  minute  of  the  roll.  While  this  fact  is  as  plain,  to  any  one 
of  my  experience,  as  that  two  and  two  make  four,  comparatively  few  managers 
of  mills  seem  to  fully  comprehend  it.  Many  will  say  that  when  they  want  to 
make  a  harder  bobbin  they  simply  put  on  a  heavier  traveler.  It  will  be  readily 
seen  that  there  must  be  a  limit  to  that  mode  of  making  a  bobbin  harder,  be- 
cause when  a  traveler  is  too  heavy  it  will  draw  the  yarn  uneven  between  the 
guide  wire  and  the  rolls,  unless  excessive  twist  is  used,  and  it  will  also  cause 
the  ends  to  draw  down.  The  real  question  is  this:  When  running  at  80  revo- 
lutions per  minute  of  the  front  roll,  with  a  traveler  as  heavy  as  it  ought  to  be, 
how  then  will  you  wind  a  harder  bobbin? 

I  answer  that  it  can  be  done  by  putting  the  speed  of  the  frame  up  to  100 
revolutions  per  minute  of  the  front  roll,  and  at  the  same  time  putting  on  a  much 
lighter  traveler  so  as  to  prevent  too  great  an  increase  of  tension  of  yarn  between 
the  guide  wire  and  rolls.  Experience  shows  that  this  course  gives  the  result 
desired  with  certainty  in  all  cases,  and  I  think  I  can  point  out  some  of  the 
reasons  why  it  is  so,  in  such  manner  as  to  make  them  plain  to  any  one. 

The  matter  of  creating  a  different  tension  of  the  thread,  in  flyer  spiiming, 
between  the  flyer  and  the  rolls  and  the  flyer  and  the  bobbin,  is  well  understood. 


54 


DRAFEIVS  FILLING  SPINNER. 


If  it  draws  too  tiglit  between  tlie  flyer  and  the  rolls,  the  spinner  will  take  an 
additional  turn  of  the  tiiread  around  the  flyer.  This  will  leave  the  thread 
between  the  flyer  and  the  bobbin  relatively  tighter  than  before.  A  somewhat 
siniihir  eftect  is  what  we  want  to  produce  upon  a  ring  frame,  namely,  to  increase 
the  tension  of  the  thread  between  the  bobbin  and  the  traveler,  without  causing 
an  equal  increase  of  tension  between  the  rolls  and  the  guide  wire.  For  a 
moment's  consideration  will  show  that  from  the  traveler  to  the  bobbin  the 
thread  is  fully  twisted  and  strong,  and  will  readily  bear  an  increase  of  strain  to 
which  the  partly  twisted  thread  between  the  rolls  and  the  guide  wire  could  not 
safely  be  subjected.  The  guide  wire  forms  a  considerable  obstruction  to  the 
transjuission  of  twist  from  the  traveler  tip  to  the  bite  of  the  rolls;  so  much  so 
that  the  rolls  are  placed  necessarily  in  a  different  position  in  order  to  spin  slack- 
twisted  yarn  from  that  which  had  been  universally  adopted  for  warp  yarn,  the 
sole  object  of  the  change  being  to  artbrd  a  partial  remedy  for  this  obstruction. 
With  this  state  of  things  in  mind,  those  who  know  anything  about  the  matter 
understand  the  importance  of  not  subjecting  the  thread  to  excessive  strain  at 
this  point. 

For  practical  spinners  I  need  hardly  detail  the  conditions  of  ring  spinning 
afTecting  this  problem  The  rolls  force  the  sliver  out  to  be  twisted;  the  trav- 
eler guides  the  yarn  upon  the  bobbin,  furnishing  the  necessary  drag  for  wind- 
ing it,  and  also,  acting  in  conjunction  with  the  effect  of  variations  in  speed, 
mainly  regulates  the  tension  of  the  thread.  The  bobbin,  revolved  by  the  spiu- 
dle,  drags  the  traveler  around  the  ring  by  means  of  the  thread  drawn  through 
it,  and  winds  the  thread  upon  itself  as  fast  as  it  is  delivered  by  the  rolls. 

The  traveler  being  carried  around  by  a  thread,  one  end  of  which  is  attached 
to  the  bobbin  and  the  other  end  to  the  bite  of  the  rolls,  it  is  clear  that  two 
results  will  follow  the  putting  on  of  a  heavier  traveler  without  change  of  speed. 
First,  the  added  friction  of  the  traveler  will  increase  the  strain  on  the  thread 
all  the  way  from  rolls  to  bobbin.  Second,  the  extra  strain,  will  draw  the 
thread  down  straighter  from  the  guide  wire  to  the  traveler,  and  the  result  of 
this  will  be  that  more  frequent  breakages  will  occur,  because  the  jerk  occa- 
sioned by  a  bit  of  dirt  or  an  irregularity  in  the  thread  passing  through  the 
traveler,  or  by  vibration  of  the  spindle  or  bobbin,  will  be  more  directly  trans- 
mitted to  the  weak  partly-twisted  thread  above  the  guide  wire.  Close  ob- 
servers will  find  this  an  important  point;  at  the  same  time  it  is  one  little 
thought  of. 

Now  let  us  see  what  happens  when  we  increase  the  speed  of  the  frame,  with- 
out  change  of  travelers.  We  find  the  strain  upon  the  yarn  is  increased  in 
four  ways.  First,  the  friction  of  the  traveler  resulting  from  centrifugal  force 
is  increased.  Second,  we  increase  the  centrifugal  force  of  the  yarn  between 
the  guide  wire  and  the  traveler.  Third,  the  resistance  of  the  air  to  both  yarn 
and  traveler  is  greater.  Fourth,  as  the  yarn  passes  more  rapidly  through  the 
traveler  in  proportion  to  the  iiicrease  of  speed,  its  friction  at  that  point  is 
greater.  To  attain  our  object  of  increased  tension  between  traveler  and  bob- 
bin without  corresponding  increase  between  rolls  and  traveler,  we  now  change 
the  traveler  for  a  lighter  one.  In  doing  this  we  reduce  the  tension  of  the  yarn 
more  above  the  traveler  than  between  it  and  the  bobbin,  thus  obtaining  the 
desired  result;  because  the  friction  of  the  thread  passing  through  the  traveler 
is  not  changed  by  the  change  of  travelers,  but  remains  as  increased  by  the  in- 
crease of  speed,  as  just  explained  above.  We  also  find  that  the  high  speed 
and  light  traveler  operate  to  make  the  yarn  from  the  guide  wire  to  the  traveler 
offer  a  more  elastic  resistance  to  sudden  strains  or  jerks  arising  from  any  cause 
before  referred  to,  than  was  before  the  case.  The  difference  in  this  respect  is 
perceptible  in  the  "feel"  of  the  yarn  descending  to  the  guide  wire. 

Very  possibly  I  have  not  siven  all  the  reasons  why  high  speed  operates  as 
it  does  to  wind  a  harder  bobbin  without  a  corresponding  strain  on  the  yarn  in 
its  weakest  place,  but  some  of  them  I  thiidi  I  have  made  so  apparent  that  the 
fact  will  not  be  questioned.  It  certainly  needs  no  demonstration  to  men  of 
experience.  I  will  now  .say  that  in  order  to  attain  high  speed  to  advantage, 
you  must  have  the  best  kind  of  spindles,  bolsters,  steps,  rings,  travelers,  and 
bobbins;  they  nnist  be  placed  in  proper  positions  with  relation  to  each  other, 
and  the  spindles  must  be  well  lubricated.    If  the  spindles  and  bobbins  do.  not 


ADVANTAGE  OF  HIGH  SPEED. 


55 


run  steady  and  are  not  precisely  in  the  centre  of  round  rinj^s,  the  frames  will 
not  bear  high  or  profitable  speed  and  do  good  work.  With  good  Sawyer  or 
New  Rabbeth  spindles,  properly  set,  and  Draper's  double  adjustable  rings, 
high  speed  can  be  obtained  to  good  advantage,  provided  you  have  other  things 
to  match. 

Having  shown  how  to  make  hard  cops  and  put  a  large  amount  of  yarn  on 
a  bobbin  with  a  light  traveler,  I  will  now  explain  why  a  heavier  traveler  can 
be  used  on  Draper's  filling  frame  than  on  any  other  (the  size  of  yarn,  twist, 
and  speed  being  equal),  and  a  long  step  further  gained  in  the  same  direction. 

For  example,  take  an  ordinary  ring  frame  made  to  spin  filling  on  a  small 
bobbin  with  filling  wind.  Suppose  the  speed  of  the  front  roll  to  be  adjusted 
to  ninety  revolutions  to  spin  Xo.  36  filling.  Now  start  up  that  frame  and 
endeavor  to  spin  as  hard  a  cop  as  you  can  with  a  given  low  twist,  and  put  on 
a  very  light  triaveler  to  start  with,  and  then  change  it  for  one  slightly  heavier, 
till  you  get  one  as  heavy  as  the  thread  will  bear,  and  be  even  and  not  pull 
down.  Any  spinner  who  knows  anything  about  the  matter  knows  that  the 
greatest  trouble  will  show  itself  when  spinning  on  the  smallest  part  of  the  bob- 
bin, because  the  greatest  strain  upon  the  thread  between  the  guide  wire  and 
the  rolls  comes  at  that  time.  This  constitutes  the  limit  of  what  can  be  done 
on  an  ordinary  ring  frame  in  winding  yarn  tightly  upon  the  bobbin.  Now 
take  that  frame  without  changing  any  other  condition  except  applying  Draper's 
Evener,  which  varies  the  speed  of  the  front  roll  to  correspond  with  the  diam- 
eter upon  which  it  is  winding  upon  the  bobbin :  then  you  can  run  that  same 
frame  at  the  same  speed  with  a  considerably  heavier  traveler  without  injury  to 
the  thread  l)etween  the  guide  wire  and  the  rolls,  because  you  have  strengthened 
the  thread  most  where  the  strain  was  greatest.  This  will  enable  you  to  wind 
a  nmch  harder  bobbin  at  the  same  fipeed  and  have  the  frame  run  just  as  well. 
It  will  also  enable  you  to  run  much  higher  speed,  and  have  the  work  run  just 
as  well,  and  make  just  as  good  yarn,  putting  still  more  upon  the  bobbin,  and 
thus  producing  far  better  results. 


IL 

In  the  year  1876  Wm.  A.  Biu-ke,  Esq.,  read  a  very  useful  and  interesting 
paper  before  the  Xew  England  Cotton  Manufacturers'  Association,  comparhig 
the  cost  and  modes  of  manufacturing  the  standard  sheetings  in  1838  with  the 
cost  and  methods  of  187G.  That  article  has  been  widely  quoted  from  on  both 
sides  of  the  Atlantic.  In  it,  in  connection  with  other  important  things,  he 
mentioned  — 

"  The  reduction  of  at  least  one  half  of  the  piecings  in  the  progress  of  the 
cotton  from  the  bale  to  the  cloth.  We  now  make  longer  laps  and  use  larger 
cans  for  the  drawing  sliver;  by  improvements  on  fly-frames  and  on  speeders, 
we  double  at  least  the  lensxth  of  roving  laid  on  a  bobbin,  and  thus  enable  a 
spinner  to  tend  more  spindles.  We  double  the  length  of  yarn  laid  on  a  quill 
or  bobbin;  we  wind  three  times  as  much  weight  of  yarn  on  a  section  or 
'slasher'  beam;  and  we  double,  at  least,  the  number  of  cuts  or  pieces  on  the 
warp  beam  for  the  loom." 

To  show  how  very  imiwrtant  this  matter  of  saving  piecings  and  putting 
more  yarn  or  roving  on  a  bobbin  is  to  promote  economy  in  cotton  manufact- 
uring, I  desire  to  call  attention  to  a  practical  illustration,  showing  the  im- 
portance of  putting  more  material  on  a  bobbin  before  doffing.  This  illustration 
is  drawn  from  the  universal  practice  of  cotton  manufacturers  the  world  over. 
I  refer  to  the  making  of  roving  upon  fly- frames,  these  being  in  most  general 
use. 

With  suitable  flyers,  a  fine  fly-frame  could  produce  coarse  rovhig  of  just  as 
good  quality  as  a  coarse  frame.  Then  why  not  make  the  coarse  as  well  as  tlie 
fine  roving  on  a  frame  with  inches  gauge,  with  bobbins  8A  inches  long  and 
holding  5^  ounces  of  roving,  instead  of  buying  slubbers  haviiii;  9  inches  gauge, 
and  bobbins  a  foot  long,  holding  27  ounces  of  roving?  All  that  can  be  saved 
is  the  labor  of  doffing,  and  changing  the  roving  on  the  next  machine,  as  well 
as  what  waste  and  damage  are  caused  by  the  handling  and  piecings.    Now  in 


56 


DRAPER'S  FILLING  SPINNER. 


order  to  get  more  roving  on  a  bobbin  and  to  save  in  the  above  items,  the  uni- 
versal practice  of  manufacturers  declares  that  they  can  afford  to  pay  twice  as 
much  per  spindle  for  about  the  same  number  of  spindles,  taking  twice  as  much 
room  and  a  great  deal  more  power  to  produce  an  equal  amount  of  work.  I 
know  of  no  one  who  disputes  the  economy  of  this  course  on  the  whole. 

1  have  called  attention  to  this  for  the  purpose  of  showinir  the  greater  im- 
portance of  getting  more  yam  on  a  bobbin  for  weaving  in  a  given  sized  shuttle. 
Obsene  that  in  case  of  the  roving  frame,  an  empty  bobbiji  can  be  taken  out, 
and  a  full  one  put  in  and  pieced  on  without  any  stoppage  of  the  machine,  or 
even  a  single  spindle.  The  line  speeder  is,  or  should  be,  in  close  proximity  to 
the  frame  upon  which  the  coarse  roving  was  made,  so  that  the  trouble  and 
cost  of  transportation  are  small ;  but  in  spinning  filling  tlie  case  is  different. 
The  spinning  frames  are  usually  in  one  room,  and  the  looms  in  another.  The 
full  bobbins  must  be  carried  and  distributed  to  every  loom,  and  the  empty 
bobbins  gathered  and  taken  back  to  the  frames.  The  comparative  time  spent 
in  doffing  must  depend  upon  the  frequency  of  doffing  in  both  cases. 

But  the  most  important  thing  in  regard  to  the  filling  bobbins,  for  which 
there  is  no  parallel  in  the  case  of  the  roving  bobbins,  remains  to  be  told.  'J'he 
machine  which  receives  the  yarn  bobbin,  namely,  the  loom,  must  always  be 
stopped  in  order  to  put  in  the  full  bobliin,  thus  stopping  production  as  well  as 
taking  the  time  of  the  operative.  The  amount  of  waste  made  and  damage 
done  to  the  fabric  will  be  found  far  greater  in  piecing  the  fiUing  in  the  loom 
than  in  piecing  the  roving  on  the  fly-frame. 

Now  if  manufacturers  can  afford  to  pay  twice  as  much  a  spindle  for  fly- 
frames  that  take  twice  as  much  room  to  do  a  given  amount  of  work,  in  order 
to  save  piecings  and  get  more  on  a  bobbin  (and  I  believe  they  can),  then  I  say 
they  can  better  afford  to  pay  more  than  double  the  Y>nce  for  a  filling  spinning 
frame,  taking  less  room,  that  will  put  more  yarn  on  a  bobbin  in  a  given  sized 
shuttle.  This  is  not  a  question  of  a  few  cents  extra  cost  on  a  spindle  in  mak- 
ing of  the  frame,  or  in  royalty:  it  is  a  question  of  dollars  a  spindle  in  a  filling 
spinning  frame,  as  well  as  in  a  fly-frame.  This  fact  is  soon  to  be  demonstrated 
to  those  intelligent  practical  manufacturers  who  have  favorable  opportunities 
for  observation.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  enough  of  the  mamd'acturers  see  it  more 
or  less  clearly  now,  and  in  consequence  the  sale  of  mules  has  been  seriously 
checked  in  this  country. 

Don't  think,  however,  that  I  am  advocating  the  use  of  ordinary  ring  frames 
to  spin  filling  on :  for  between  these  and  the  mule,  for  medium  numbers,  if  I 
wanted  slack-twisted  yarn,  I  would  prefer  the  mule.  It  is  only  with  the  im- 
proved spindles,  rintis,  and  other  improvements  to  equalize  the  size  and  strength 
of  the  yarn  on  the  barrel  and  outside  of  the  bobbin,  that  I  would  recommend 
spinning  slack-twisted  yam  on  a  ring  frame. 

III. 

Much  is  said  about  spinning,  but  the  weaving  question  is  far  more  impor- 
tant, and  the  two  depend  upon  each  other  very  closely  in  some  points,  as  I 
shall  have  occasion  at  some  time  to  show.  Many  months  ago  I  considered 
a  question,  I  think,  somethins:  like  this:  "What  is  the  most  profital>le  speed, 
all  things  considered,  at  which  to  run  print  cloth  looms?  In  discussing 
this  question  I  make  no  allowance  for  being  short  of  room  or  short  of  looms, 
or  other  exceptional  circumstances.  Suppose  you  could  have  a  full  supply  of 
yam  for  l.COO  print  cloth  looms,  what  would  be  the  most  profitable  speed  to 
run  them,  the  object  being  to  weave  the  cloth  at  the  least  cost,  all  things  con- 
sidered '?  Weaving  in  print  cloth  mills  costs  about  as  much  for  labor  as  all 
the  other  processes  put  together.  I  have  been  told  for  years  by  various  manu- 
facturers in  this  country  that  the  English  manufacturers  run  their  looms  much 
faster  than  we  run  them  in  this  country.  I  think  this  is  true,  and  hope  for  one 
it  will  continue  to  be  ti  ue,  for  the  reason  that  I  know  it  would  cost  us  far  more 
per  pound  for  labor  to  weave  our  cloth  in  case  we  so  constructed  our  looms  as 
to  enable  us  to  run  them  at  as  high  a  speed  as  they  do. 

I  think  the  redeeming  thing  in  our  manufacturing  of  plain  cloth  in  com- 
petition with  the  English  has  been  in  our  low  cost  for  labor  in  weaving  com- 


SPEED  OF  LOOMS. 


57 


pared  with  theirs.  The  reason  why  they  should  run  their  looms  faster  than 
we  do  is  obvious  enough  to  those  who  investigate. 

The  Trades  Union,  as  I  understand  the  matter,  fixes  tlie  number  of  looms 
tliat  can  be  tended  without  a  liel{)er  at  a  far  less  number  than  our  weavers  tend. 
It  lias  also  fixed  the  nuniber  of  hours  to  be  worked  at  considerably  less.  Now 
if  I  were  in  England,  and  were  not  allowed  to  have  a  weaver  tend  over  two 
looms,  and  then  were  not  allowed  to  run  them  over  fifty-four  hours  per  week,  I 
should  study  all  means  to  get  those  two  looms  to  run  as  rapidly  as  possible 
and  do  good  work.  Our  case  is  entirely  different.  We  can  have  weavers 
tend  four  or  six  looms  if  we  run  them  more  slowly  and  make  the  work  go  well. 
See  how  this  works  in  economizing  labor.  AVhen  a  weaver  has  but  two  looms, 
all  the  time  that  that  weaver  is  at  work  piecing  up  ends  or  changing  shut- 
tles, half  the  production  is  stopped,  whereas,  in  case  a  weaver  is  tending  six 
looms,  all  the  time  the  weaver  is  mending  ends  or  changing  filling,  only  one 
sixth  part  of  the  production  is  stopped.  This  advantage  is  too  obvious  to  be 
concealed. 

I  think  no  print  cloth  loom,  under  conditions  above  stated,  should  run  over 
100  jnoks  per  minute.  Suppose  the  English  loom  to  run  220.  If  two  Eng- 
lish looms  run  all  the  time  at  that  rate  of  speed,  they  would  produce  440  picks 
a  minute,  while,  if  the  American  looms  run  all  the  time,  six  of  them  would  pro- 
duce 9G0  picks  a  minute.  This  shows  that  three  of  the  American  looms 
might  stop  all  the  time,  and  then  produce  more  than  two  English  looms  run- 
ning all  the  time.  Now  I  assert,  that  the  liability  of  stopping  a  larger  per- 
centage of  time  for  any  purpose,  except  waiting  for  the  weaver,  is  greater  in 
each  of  the  P^nglish  than  in  each  of  the  American  looms.  No  man  capable  of 
managing  a  cotton  mill  ought  to  be  made  to  believe  that  either  warp  or  filling 
will  break  more  when  running  160  than  when  running  220  picks  a  minute, 
provided  the  looms  are  properly  consti'ucted  for  the  lower  speed.  But  this  is 
not  the  worst  of  the  difficulties.  In  order  to  make  looms  run  at  extreme  high 
speed  you  must  make  short  shuttles :  then  these  short  shuttles  must  below 
and  narrow,  in  order  to  get  them  through  the  shed  in  the  short  time  allowed, 
without  breaking  the  warp  threads  or  pulling  apart  the  filling  cops.  Erom  this 
there  is  no  escape. 

Then  these  sliort,  small  shuttles  inevitably  call  for  short  and  small  cops  in 
order  to  be  woven  successfully  in  them.  The  absolute  necessity  of  this  is  also 
apparent. 

I  would  recommend,  as  a  proper  size  of  shuttle  for  an  American  print  cloth 
loom,  14  inches  in  length,  1|  inches  wide,  with  proper  depth.  This  shuttle, 
with  a  bobbin  filled  by  Draper's  Eilliug  Spinner,  will  weave  twice  as  much 
cloth  as  can  be  woven  from  any  cop  suitable  to  run  in  any  English  loom  which 
can  be  properly  run  at  a  speed  of  22)  per  minute.  This  saves  at  one  stroke 
one  half  the  labor  and  time  of  machinery  and  operative  in  changing  shuttles 
for  a  given  amount  of  cloth  woven.  Let  us  suppose  that  it  tak^s  5  per  cent, 
of  the  time  of  an  English  loom  ruiniing  22.)  per  minute,  10  hours  per  day,  to 
chani^e  shuttles,  then  30  minutes  of  time  and  6, GOO  picks  per  loom  per  day 
would  be  lost. 

Now  if  the  American  loom  ran  just  as  fast  and  only  changed  the  shuttle 
one  half  as  often,  only  3,300  picks  would  be  lost,  but  making  allowance  for 
the  slower  speed,  only  2,400  picks  per  loom  per  day  would  be  lost  in  changing 
the  shuttles. 

The  same  argument  holds  good  to  a  less  extent  about  all  necessary  stop- 
pages. With  facts  like  these  plainly  seen,  does  it  need  arguments  to  convince 
practical  men  that  they  don't  want  high  speeded  looms  for  weaving  plain  cloth 
till  they  have  Trades  Unions  or  some  other  stupid  thing  to  go  with  them? 

It  costs  more  to  repair  looms  doing  a  given  amount  of  work  when  run  rap- 
idly, than  when  run  at  a  more  moderate  speed ;  no  sensible  man  having  had 
experience  in  such  matters  will  deny  this. 

The  moral  of  all  this  is :  build  looms  with  a  capacity  to  carry  a  good-sized 
shuttle,  and  then  run  them  at  a  moderate  speed.  AVe  have  American  looms 
that  weave  90  per  cent,  as  much  cloth  as  they  would  if  run  all  the  time  with 
a  constant  sup[)ly  of  filling.  Suppose  each  of  two  English  looms  to  be  stopped 
10  per  cent,  of  the  time,  then  23  per  cent,  of  the  weaver's  time  only  would  be 
3* 


58 


RULES  AND  TABLES  FOR  SPINNERS. 


occupied  while  the  looms  were  stopped;  the  most  of  the  balance  of  the  time 
the  weaver  must  he  waitiii<r  for  sc  niethiiig  to  do.  By  giving  cur  weavers 
more  machines  to  tend,  we  utilize  labor  and  machinery  to  better  advantage. 

All  the  loss  in  the  American  plan  is  in  having  more  looms  taking  up  more 
room,  but  by  having  a  large  amount  of  }arn  in  the  shuttle,  the  gain  is  more 
than  four  to  one  in  my  judgment.  Numerous  other  advantages  derived  from 
low  speed  might  be  set  forth. 


RULES  AND  TABLES  FOR  SPINNERS. 

Huh  by  ichkJi  to  fnd  the  Draught  of  a  Spinning  Frame  :  — 

Write  down  the  number  of  teeth  in  all  the  driving  wheels,  and  multiply 
them  together.  Then  write  down  the  number  of  teeth  in  all  the  wheels  that 
are  driven,  and  multiply  them  together  in  like  manner.  If  there  is  any  differ- 
ence in  the  diameter  of  the  rollers,  multiply  the  least,  or  driver's  product,  by 
the  diameter  of  the  back  roller;  and  the  largest  product,  or  that  of  the  driven 
wheels,  by  the  diameter  of  the  front  roller.  Divide  the  product  of  the  driven 
wheels  by  that  of  the  drivers,  and  the  quotient  will  be  the  draught  of  the 
machine. 


To  ascertain  what  number  of  yarn  icill  be  produced  from  a  given  drawing 
or  sliver :  — 

Measure  off  a  convenient  number  of  yards  of  sliver,  multiply  this  number 
by  extent  of  drawing  on  roving  and  spinning  heads,  then  multiply  by  81^  and 
divide  by  the  weight  in  grains,  which  will  give  the  number  of  yarn  produced 
from  the  given  sliver.  ExamjAe  :  Take  two  yards  of  sliver  weighing  20  grains, 
and  suppose  it  is  to  be  drawn  5  on  roving  and  30  on  spinnitjg. 

2  X  5  X  10  X  8^  =  833.3,  -|-  20  =  Xo.  il  G,  the  number  of  yam. 


To  determine  the  number  of  honks  or  decimal  j^orts  of  hanls  to  the  pound 
for  carding,  drawing,  stubbing,  roving,  and  yarn,  according  to  a  given 
number  of  yards  reeled  or  measured:  — 

Multiply  the  number  of  yards  by  8^  and  divide  by  their  weight  in  grains; 
the  quotient  will  be  the  hanks  or  decimal  parts  of  hanks  required. 


To  determine  what  iceight  a  given  length  of  drajcing,  slubbing,  roving,  or 
yarn  should  be  to  equal  a  given  number  of  hanks  or  decimal  jw-ts  of  hanks 
required :  — 

Multiply  the  given  number  of  yards  in  length  by  8i  and  divide  by  the 
number  of  hanks  or  decimal  parts  of  hanks  required:  the  quotient  will  be  the 
weight,  in  grains,  of  the  given  length  of  drawing,  roving,  or  jam  required. 


To  number  the  yarn  produced  from  roving:  — 

Reel  or  measure  off  a  convenient  number  of  yards  of  roving:  multiply  this 
number  by  extent  of  drawing  on  spinning  heads.  This  product  multiplied  by 
8^  and  divided  by  the  weight,  will  give  the  number  of  yarn  which  would  be 
made  from  the  roving.  Example:  Suppose  5  yards  of  roving  weigh  20  grains, 
and  the  draught  is  10.  Then,  5  X  10  X  8^  =  416.6,  -f-  20  =  20  8,  the 
number  of  the  yarn. 


To  change  from  one  number  to  another  on  a  spinning  frame  ichen  the 
draught  and  roving  have  both  to  be  altered  :  — 

Multiply  the  number  of  yarn  being  spun,  by  the  hank  roving  desired,  and 
that  product  by  the  number  of  teeth  in  the  change  pinion  being  used;  divide 


RULES  AND  TABLES  FOR  SPINNERS. 


59 


the  product  thus  obtained,  by  the  number  of  yarn  desired,  multiplied  by  the 
hank  I'oving  being  used.    The  quotient  will  show  the  change  pinion  required. 


To  chnnfje  from  one  number  to  another  ivithout  chanrjiny  the  roving :  — 

Multiply  the  number  of  teeth  in  the  change  pinion  in  use  by  the  number 
of  yarn  being  spun.  'J'his  product,  divided  by  the  desired  number  of  yarn, 
will  give  the  change  pinion  required. 


To  change  the  twist  gear  icJien  changing  to  a  different  number  of  yarn:  — 

Square  the  number  of  teeth  in  the  present  gear,  and  multiply  by  the  num- 
ber of  yarn  being  spun.  Divide  this  product  by  the  number  of  the  yarn  de- 
sired ;  the  square  root  of  the  quotient  will  show  the  proper  number  of  teeth 
for  the  new  gear. 


Tojind  what  ^^er  cent,  yarn  contracts  in  twisting:  — 

Divide  the  number  of  the  yarn  by  the  product  of  the  draught  and  hank  rov- 
ing, and  subtract  the  quotient  from  ].  Example:  Suppose  No.  28.5  yarn 
is  being  spun  from  4-hank  roving,  with  a  draught  of  7.26.  7.26  X  4  =  29.04:. 
28.5  29.04  =  0.98,  which  subtracted  from  1.00  leaves  .02,  or  two  percent. 
=  the  contraction  in  length. 


Tojind  the  loss  of  twist  in  spinning  :  — 

By  the  "loss  of  twist"  is  meant  the  amount  the  actual  twist  is  less  than 
that  found  by  computing  from  the  speed  of  the  spindle.  Rule :  Divide  1  by 
the  circumference  of  the  bobbin  in  inches.  Examp)le:  Suppose  a  filling  bob- 
bin is  1^  inches  in  circumference  at  the  barrel.  1  -f-  1.5  =  0.67  =  loss 
there.  If  it  is  3  inches  in  circumference  at  the  outside  the  loss  there  = 
1-^  3  =  0  33.  Average  loss  from  computed  twist  0.50,  or  half  a  turn  per 
inch. 


To  find  the  number  of  yards  of  cloth  to  the  pound  avoirdiipois  :  — 

Multiply  its  width  in  inches  by  the  weight  in  grains  of  a  piece  containing 
one  square  inch;  divide  194.44  by  the  product  and  the  quotient  will  be  the 
number  of  yards  to  the  pound.     Example  :  Width  of  cloth,  30  inches;  weight 
of  1  square  inch,  li  grains.    194.44   =  4.32  yards  per  pound. 
30  X 


To  find  the  average  number  of  yarn  required  to  produce  cloth  of  any  de- 
sired v:eight,  icidlh,  and  pick  :  — 

Add  together  the  number  of  picks  per  inch  of  warp  and  filling;  multiply 
their  sum  by  the  yards  of  cloth  per  pound  and  this  product  by  its  width  in 
inches;  divide  by  840  and  the  quotient  will  be  the  average  number  of  yarn 
required.  For  any  increase  in' weight  by  sizing,  proportional  allowance  must 
be  made  in  tlie  yarn. 

N.  li.  As  the  filling  is  taken  up  in  crossing  the  warp,  and  the  amount 
varies  in  different  goods,  this  rule  is  not  exact,  but  will  approximate  near 
enough  to  furnish  a  basis  for  practical  purposes. 


The  best  loay  to  find  the  actual  speed  of  spindles :  — 

]\Iake  some  mark  on  the  end  of  the  cylinder  so  an  assistant  can  turn  it  by 
hand  slowly  just  once  around.  Mark  the  heads  of  several  bobltins,  or  mark  the 
whirls  of  the  spindles,  so  as  to  be  able  fo  count  the  average  number  of  turns 
of  the  spindle  to  one  turn  of  the  cylinder.  Then  multiply  this  number  by  the 
revolutions  per  minute  the  cjlinder  makes,  ascertained  carefully  with  a  good 
speed  counter. 

The  result  obtained  in  this  way  is  nearer  the  actual  speed  of  the  spindle 
than  the  result  obtained  from  computation  in  the  usual  way,  because  of  the 
differences  due  to  size  of  banding  and  angle  of  groove  in  whirl. 


60 


KVLES  AND  TABLES  FOR  SPINNERS. 


Given,  the  weight  of  laj),  and  drought  owl  doublings  from  the  card  to  the 
spinning  frame :  To  find  the  iceight  at  any  given  point  and  number  of 
yarn  that  will  be  produced:  — 

Example:  Weit^ht  of  lap,  9  oz. ;  single  cardiiifr,  draught,  100:  railway- 
head,  draught,  4:  doublings,  14;  first  drawing,  draught,  4,  doublings,  3; 
second  drawing,  draught,  4^,  doublings,  3;  sliibl)ers.  draught,  4;  inttrnie- 
diates,  doublings.  2.  draught,  5A;  fine  frames,  doublings,  2,  draught,  Gi;  spin- 
ning frames,  draught.  7^;  allowance  for  flyings  and  strippings  in  carding,  12 
percent.;  allowance  for  take  up  by  twist  in  slubbing,  intermetliate.  fiiie,  and 
spinning  frames,  -^^  each,  or  about  i-  in  all;  grains  iu  an  avoirdupois  ounce, 
437.5.  Then  we  have  the  following  result:  — 
9  X  4*37.5  =  3937.5  grains  in  1  yard  of  lap. 

3937.5  100  =  39.375  crains  in  1  yard  after  leaving  card,  were  there  no 
loss. 

39.375  X  -88  =  34.65  grains  in  1  yard  after  deducting  12  per  cent,  for  flyings 
and  strippings. 

34.65  X  14  -|-  4  =  121.27  grains  in  1  yard  after  leavinar  railway-head. 
121.27  X  3  -j-    =  9"-95  grains  in  1  jard  after  leaving  first  drawing. 
90.95  X  3      4^  =  GO  63  grains  in  1  yard  after  leaving  second  drawing. 
60.63  ^4x|fXl2  =  187.76  grains  in  12  yards  after  leaving  slubbers. 
187.76  x2-^-55X|f  =  70.48  grains  hi  12  yards  after  leaving  interme- 
diates. 

70.48  X^-^G^X  li  =  22.39  grains  in  12  yards  after  leaving  fine  frames. 
22.39  -r-  7^  X  li  =  3.081  grains  in  12  yards  after  leaving  spiiniing  frames. 
3.(181  X      =  215  67  grains  in  1  hank  after  leaving  spinning  frames. 
7000  -f-  215.67  =  32.45  number  of  yarn. 

Rule:  Multiply  the  ounces  of  one  yard  of  lap  by  437  5  to  reduce  to  grains; 
divide  by  draught  of  card  and  multiply  by  -f-^^  to  show  weight  with  allow- 
ance for  loss  in  carding;  for  each  successive  process,  midtiply  by  the  doublings 
and  divide  by  the  draught,  and  on  slubbing,  intermediate,  fine,  and  spinning 
frames  multiply  by  to  allow  for  increa.se  in  weight  by  twist:  multiply  the 
result  at  spinning  frame  by  840  to  give  weight  per  h.ink  and  divide  7000  by 
the  product  to  determine  the  numl>er  of  yarn. 


To  find  the  size  of  lap  required  to  produce  a  given  number  of  yarn,  and 
also  the  weight  at  any  given  point,  the  draught  and  doublings  being 
known :  — 

Example :  Suppose  the  draught  and  doublings  the  same  as  in  the  preced- 
ing, and  we  wish  to  produce  Xo.  32  45  yarn. 
70U0  -i-  32.45  =  215  71  grains  per  hank. 
215  71  ~  70  =  3  081  grains  per  12  yards. 

3.081  X  I"!  X      =22.39  grains  per  12  yards  after  leaving  fine  frames. 
22.39  X  If  X      -^  2  =  70.49  grains  per  12  yards  after  leaving  interme- 
diates. 

70.49  X  II  X  5i  2  =  187. 78  grains  per  12  yards  after  leaving  slub- 
bers. 

187.78  X  X  ^  12  =  60.63  grains  per  1  yard  after  leaving  second 
drawing. 

60.63  X  ^5  -i-  3  =  90.95  grains  per  1  yard  after  leaving  first  drawing. 
90  95  X  4  -f-  3  =  121  27  grains  per  I  yard  after  leaving  railway-head. 
121.27  X  -1  -T-  14^  =  34.65  crains  per  1  yard  after  leaving  card. 
34.05  X  100  X         =  3937  5  grains  per  1  yard  of  lap. 
3937.5      437  5  =  9  ounces  per  1  yard  of  lap. 

Rule:  Divide  7000  by  the  number  of  yam  desired,  and  that  quotient  by 
840  to  give  the  weight  of  one  yard;  multiply  by  the  drauirht  of  each  ma- 
chitje  and  divide  by  the  doublings;  for  spinning,  fine,  intermediate,  and  slub- 
bing frames  multiply  by  |  L  to  allow  for  decrease  in  weight  l<y  taking  out  the 
twist;  multiply  by  ^-^-^  at  the  card  to  allow  for  loss  and  divide  by  437.5  to 
give  ounce  lap  required. 


RULES  AND  TABLES  FOR  SPINNERS. 


61 


N.  B.  In  the  last  two  examples  we  have  taken  twelve  yards  of  roving  and 
yarn,  being  the  amount  that  is  generally  weighed  in  numbering. 


IJanJcs  and  Skeins :  — 

We  have  noticed  among  spiiniers  in  many  different  mills  a  confusion  of 
ideas  as  to  the  meaning  of  the  terms  "  hank "  and  "skein"  as  applied  to 
cotton  yarn,  these  words  being  used  interchangealjy  as  if  having  the  same 
value.  The  following  authorities  would  seem  to  suffice  for  correction  of  this 
mistake:  — 

Muri)hy's  "  Art  of  Weaving,"  published  in  Glasgow  in  1831,  gives  the  fol- 
lowing table:  — 

\\  yards  =     1  thread  or  round  of  the  cotton  reel. 
]20"    "     =   80     "     =  1  skein,  ley,  or  lea. 
840      "     =  5G0     "     =7  skeins  =  1  No.  or  hank. 

Brande's  "Dictionary  of  Science,  Literature,  and  Art,"  of  1843,  defines 
"  hank  "  as  "  name  given  to  two  or  more  skeins  of  yarn,  silk,  or  cotton,  when 
tied  together.     When  single  they  are  called  skeins." 

" 'Jlie  Practical  ( "otton  Spinner,"  by  Alexander  Kennedy  (London,  1852), 
gives  a  table  substantially  like  that  quoted,  with  the  addition  of  "18  hanks 
make  one  spindle;"  and  a  similar  table  appears  in  Barlow's  work  on  weav- 
ing, published  in  London  a  year  or  two  ago.  The  last-named  work  gives  also 
the  two  following  tables,  which  may  be  useful:  — 

FoK  Linen  Yarn. 

120  threads  =  1  cut  =       300  yards. 

2  cuts      =  1  heer  =       GOU  " 

3  heers  =  1  slip  =  1,800  " 
2  slips  =  1  hank  =  3,G()0  " 
2  hanks  =  I  hesp  =  7,200  " 
2  hesps    =  1  spyndle  =  14,400  " 

JuTK  Table. 

90  inches   =  1  thread  =         24^  yards. 

120  threads  =  1  cut  =      300 "  " 

2  cuts      =  1  heer  =      GOO  " 

G  heers    =  1  hesp  =  3,G00  " 

4  hesps    =  1  sp}ndle  =  14,400  " 


Raw  silk,  1,000  yards  to  a  hank. 

Woolen  yarns  are  weighed  in  lengths  or  "runs"  of  1,GOO  yards. 


1  pound  avoirdupois  =  7,^00  grains. 
1  ounce  avoirdupois  =  437^  grams. 
1  pound  troy  weight  =  5,700  grains. 
1  ounce  troy  weight  =  480  grains. 

Cotton  yarn  of  cours?  is  weiirhed  by  avoirdupois  weight.  The  "grain  "  is 
the  same  in  both  avoirdupois  and  troy.  In  "diamond  weight"  a  grain  is 
eight  tenths  of  the  ordinary  grain  weight. 


The  four  following  tables  for  nunibering  roving  and  yarn  have  been  newly 
and  carefully  computed  for  this  book,  and  are,  we  l)elieve,  free  of  errors. 

The  table  for  numbering  yarn  by  the  weight  of  one  skein  we  have  had 
printed  in  larger  type  for  the  use  of  spimiers,  and  we  will  mail  one  to  any 
overseer  who  will  send  to  us  for  it,  and  give  his  address  plainly  written. 


62  USEFUL  TABLES  FOR  SPINNERS. 


ROVING  TABLE. 

For  numbering  by  the  weight,  in  grains,  of  12  yards  ;  and  showing  twist  per  inch. 


=  2 

^  =^ 

S  . 

*=>  c 

ti 
.id  c 

o 

?  JO 

si 

2  . 

at 

Inch. 

£  'P 

c> 

=  o 
a. 

c  V 
K« 

=  1 

•~  *^ 

H  p. 

'i 

=  o 



400  00 

.25 

.5oe 

..60 

111.11 

.90 

.949 

1.14 

47.62 

2.10 

1.449 

1. 1-1 

384.61 

.26 

.510 

.61 

109.89 

.91 

.954 

1.14 

47.17 

2  1'' 

1.456 

1.75 

370.37 

27 

.520 

.62 

108.70 

.92 

.959 

1.15 

46.73 

2'l4 

1.463 

1  TC 

357.14 

!28 

.529 

.63 

107.53 

.93 

.964 

1.16 

46.30 

2.16 

1.470 

X.IO 

344.83 

.29 

.539 

.65 

106.38 

.94 

.970 

1.16 

45.87 

2.18 

1.476 

1.77 

333.33 

.SO 

.548 

.66 

105.26 

.95 

.975 

1.17 

45.45 

2.20 

1.483 

1.78 

322.58 

.31 

.557 

.67 

104.17 

.96 

.980 

1.18 

45.05 

2  2"^ 

1.490 

1.79 

312.50 

.32 

.566 

.68 

103.09 

.97 

.985 

1.18 

44.64 

224 

1.497 

1  en 
I.SU 

303.03 

.33 

.574 

.69 

102.04 

.98 

.990 

1.19 

44.25 

2.26 

1.503 

I.oU 

294.12 

.34 

.583 

.70 

101  01 

.99 

.995 

-1.19 

43.86 

2  28 

1.510 

1  01 

285.71 

.35 

.592 

.71 

100.00 

1.00 

1000 

1.20 

43.48 

2.30 

1.517 

1  CO 

277.78 

.36 

.600 

.72 

98.04 

1.02 

1.010 

1.21 

43.10 

2.32 

1.523 

1.8-3 

270.27 

.37 

.608 

.73 

96.15 

1.('4 

1.020 

1  22 

42.74 

2.34 

1.530 

l.ol 

263.16 

.38 

.616 

.74 

94.34 

1.06 

1.030 

l'24 

42.37 

2.36 

1536 

l.o4 

256.41 

.39 

.624 

.75 

92  59 

1.08 

1.039 

1  25 

42.02 

2.38 

1.543 

1  OK 

250.00 

.40 

.632 

.76 

90.91 

1.10 

1.049 

1.26 

41.67 

2.40 

1.549 

l.ob 

243.90 

.41 

.640 

.77 

89.29 

1.12 

1.058 

1.27 

41.32 

2  4'> 

1.556 

1.87 

238.10 

.42 

.648 

.78 

87.72 

1.14 

1.068 

1.28 

40.98 

2.44 

1.562 

1.0/ 

232.56 

.43 

.656 

.79 

86.21 

1.16 

1.077 

1.29 

40.65 

2.46 

1.568 

1.88 

227.27 

.44 

.663 

.80 

84.75 

1.18 

1.0S6 

1.30 

40.32 

2.48 

1.575 

i.oy 

22 

.45 

.671 

.80 

83.33 

1.20 

1.095 

131 

40.00 

2.50 

1.581 

1  on 
i.yu 

21 7^39 

.46 

.678 

.81 

81.97 

1.22 

1.105 

1.33 

39  68 

2.52 

1587 

1  OA 

212.77 

.47 

.686 

.82 

80.65 

1.24 

1.114 

1.34 

39.37 

2.54 

1.594 

i.yi 

208.33 

.48 

.693 

.83 

79.37 

1.26 

1.122 

1..35 

39.06 

2.56 

1.600 

204.08 

.49 

.700 

.84 

78.12 

1.28 

1131 

1.36 

38.76 

2.58 

1.606 

1  QQ 

i.yo 

200.00 

.50 

.707 

.85 

76.92 

1.30 

1.140 

1.37 

38.46 

2.60 

1.612 

1  no 

19S.08 

.51 

.714 

.86 

75.76 

1.32 

1.149 

1.38 

38.17 

2.62 

1.619 

i.y4 

192.31 

.52 

.721 

.87 

74.63 

1.34 

1.158 

1.39 

37.88 

2.64 

1.625 

I.yo 

188.68 

.53 

.728 

.87 

73.53 

1.36 

1.166 

1.40 

37.59 

2.66 

1.631 

i.yb 

185.19 

.54 

.735 

.88 

72.46 

1.38 

1.175 

1.41 

37.31 

2.b8 

1.637 

1  oft 

I.yo 

181.82 

.55 

.742 

.89 

71,43 

1.40 

1183 

1.42 

37.04 

2.70 

1.643 

i.y  < 

178.57 

.56 

.748 

.90 

70.42 

1.42 

1.192 

1.43 

36.76 

2  7*^ 

1.649 

I.yo 

175.44 

.57 

.755 

.91 

€9  44 

1.44 

1  200 

1.44 

36.50 

2.74 

1.655 

1  (lO 

i.yy 

172.41 

.58 

.762 

.91 

68.49 

1.46 

1.208 

1.45 

36.23 

2.76 

1.661 

169.49 

.59 

.768 

.92 

67.57 

1.48 

1.217 

1.46 

35.97 

2.78 

1  667 

2.00 

166.67 

.60 

.775 

.93 

66.67 

1.50 

1.225 

1.47 

35.71 

2.80 

1.673 

^.Ul 

163.93 

.61 

.781 

.94 

65.79 

1.52 

1.233 

1.4S 

35  46 

2.82 

1679 

.i.Ul 

161.29 

.62 

.787 

.94 

64.94 

1.54 

1.241 

1.49 

35.21 

2  S4 

1.685 

«>  no 

158.73 

.63 

.794 

.95 

64.10 

1.56 

1.249 

1.50 

34.97 

2.86 

1691 

O  (iQ 

156.25 

.64 

.800 

.96 

63.29 

1.58 

1.257 

1.51 

34.72 

2.88  1.697 

2.04 

153.85 

.65 

.806 

.97 

62.50 

1.60 

1.265 

1.52 

34.48 

2.90 

1  703 

151.52 

.66 

.812 

.97 

61.73 

1.62 

1.273 

1.53 

34.25 

2.92 

1.7' 9 

2  05 

149.25 

.67 

.819 

.98 

60.98 

1.64 

1.281 

1.54 

34.01 

2  94 

1.715 

147.06 

.68 

.825 

.99 

60.24 

1.66 

1.288 

1.55 

33.78 

2.96  1.721 

144.93 

.69 

.831 

1.00 

59.52 

1.68 

1.296 

1.56 

33  56 

2  98 

1.726 

O  AT 

142.86 

.70 

.837 

1.00 

68.82 

1.70 

1.304 

1.56 

33.b3 

3.01 

1.732 

140.85 

.71 

.843 

1.01 

58.14 

1.72 

1.311 

1.57 

32.26 

3.10 

1.^61 

<>  1 1 
^.XX 

138.89 

.72 

.849 

1.02 

57.47 

1.74 

1.319 

1.58 

31.25 

3.20 

1.789 

O  1  ^ 

135.99 

.73 

.854 

1.02 

56.82 

1.76 

1.327 

1.59 

30.30 

3.30 

l.el7 

0  la 

ia5.l4 

.74 

.860 

1.03 

56.18 

1.78 

1.334 

1.60 

29.41 

3.40 

1.844 

9  91 

133.33 

.75 

.866 

1.04 

55.56 

1.80 

1.34V! 

1.61 

28.57 

3.50  1  871 

9  n± 

131.58 

.76 

.872 

1.05 

54.95 

1.82 

1.349 

1.62 

27.7S 

3.60  1.897 

9  9« 

129.87 

•  77 

.874 

1.05 

54.35 

1.84 

1.356 

1.63 

27.03 

3.70 

1.924: 

2.31 

128.21 

.78 

.883 

1.06 

53.76 

186 

1.364 

1.64 

26.32 

3.80 

1.949 

126.58 

.79 

.889 

1.07 

53.19 

1.88 

1.371 

1.65 

25.64 

3.90 

1.975 

2.37 

125.00 

.80 

.894 

1.07 

52.63 

1.90 

1.378 

1.65 

25.00 

4.00 

2.U0O 

2.40 

123.46 

.81 

.900 

1.08 

52.08 

1.92 

1.386 

1.66 

24.39 

4.1( 

2.015 

2.^3 

121.95 

.82 

.906 

1.09 

61.55 

1.94 

1.393 

1.67 

23.81 

4.2f 

2.(!49 

2.46 

120.48 

.83 

.911 

1.09 

51.02 

1  9o 

1.400 

1.6b 

23.26 

4  3( 

2.074 

2.49 

119.05 

.84 

.917 

1.10 

60.51 

1  98 

1.407 

1.69 

22.73 

4.40 

2.098 

2.52 

117.65 

.85 

.922 

1.11 

50.00 

2.00 

1414 

1.70 

22.22 

4  5C 

2.121 

2.55 

116  28 

.86 

.927 

l.ll 

49.50 

2.02 

1.421 

1.71 

21J4 

4.6C 

2.145 

2  57 

114  94 

.87 

.933 

1.12 

49.02 

2.04 

1.428 

1.71 

21.28 

4.7< 

2.168 

2.60 

113.64 

.88 

.938 

1.13 

48.54 

2.06 

1.4.35 

1.72 

20.83 

4.80 

2.191 

2.63 

112.38 

.89 

.943 

1  13 

48.08 

2.08 

1  442 

U3 

20.41 

4.9( 

2.214 

2.66 

VSEFUL  TABLES  FOR  SPINNERS.  63 


ROVING  TABLE.  — (Continued.) 


bL 

■« 

■5.'i> 

bio 

« 

S  ^-; 

00  H- 

bi 

<s 

S  . 

OS  <J 

o  > 

es  O 

KP3 

Sea 

"is 

EH  p. 

C  p. 

.5  o 
KcS 

s  c 

Sea 

'£ 

H  p. 

OP 

tuta 

"  o 

20.C0 

5.00 

2.236 

2.68 

14.08 

7.10 

2.665 

3.20 

10.87 

9.20 

3.033 

3.64 

19.61 

5.10 

2.258 

2.71 

13.89 

7.20 

2.683 

3.22 

10.75 

9.80 

3.050 

3.66 

19.23 

5.2(1 

2.280 

2.74 

13.70 

7  30 

2.702 

3.24 

10.64 

9.4(' 

3.066 

3  68 

18.87 

5.30 

2.302 

2.76 

13.51 

7.40 

2.720 

3.26 

10  53 

9.50 

3.082 

8.70 

18.52 

5.40 

2^324 

2.79 

13.33 

7.50 

2.739 

3.29 

10.42 

9.60 

8.098 

3.72 

18.18 

5.50 

2.845 

2  81 

1316 

7.60 

2.757 

3.81 

10.31 

9.70 

3.114 

3  74 

17.86 

5.60 

2.366 

2.84 

12.99 

7.70 

2.775 

3.33 

10.20 

9.80 

3.130 

3.76 

17.54 

5.70 

2.387 

2.86 

12.82 

7.80 

2.793 

3.35 

10.10 

9.90 

8.146 

3.78 

17.24 

580 

2.408 

2.89 

12.66 

7.90 

2.811 

3.37 

10.00 

10.00 

3.162 

3.79 

16.95 

5.90 

2.429 

2.91 

12.50 

8.00 

2.828 

3.39 

9.09 

11.00 

3.317 

3.98 

16.67 

6.00 

2.449 

2.94 

12.35 

8.10 

2.846 

3.42 

8  33 

12.00 

3.464 

4.16 

16.39 

6.10 

2.470 

2.96 

12.20 

8.20 

2.864 

3.44 

7  69 

13.001  3.606 
14  00  3.742 

4..38 

16.13 

6.20 

2.490 

2.99 

12.05 

8.30 

2.881 

3.46 

7.14 

4.49 

15.87 

6.30 

2.510 

3.01 

11.90 

8.40 

2.898 

3.48 

6.67 

15.00 

3  873 

4.65 

15.62 

6.40 

2.530 

3.04 

11.76 

8.50 

2.915 

3.50 

6.25 

16.00 

4.000 

4.80 

15.38 

6.50 

2.550 

3.06 

11.63 

8.60 

2.933 

3.52 

5.88 

17.(0i  4.123 

4.95 

15.15 

6.60 

2.569 

3.08 

11.49 

8.70 

2.950 

8.54 

5.f6 

18.001  4.243 

5.09 

14.93 

6. 70 

2.588 

3.11 

11.36 

8.80 

2.966 

3.56 

5.26 

19.00 

4  359 

5.28 

14.71 

6.80 

2.608 

3.13 

11.24 

8.90 

2.983 

3.58 

5.00 

20.00 

4.472 

5.37 

14.49 

6.S0 

2.627 

3.15 

11.11 

9.00 

3.000 

3.60 

14.29 

7.C0 

2.646 

3.17 

10  69 

9.10 

3.017 

S.62 

64 


USEFUL   TABLES  FOR  SPINNERS. 


TABLE 

For  numbering  Yarn  by  the  weight,  in  grains,  of  120  j  ards  or  one  skine. 


15  J  65.57 
Ibh  \  64  52 
63.49 
♦  2.5U 
61.54 
60.61 
59.70 
58.82 
57.97 
57.14 
56.34 
55  56 
18^  54.79 
18i  54.05 
183  53.a3 
19  i  52.63 
51.95 
5128 
5n.63 
50.00 
49.38 
48.78 
20|  ,  48.19 

21  47.62 
211  47.06 
21i  '  46.51 
214  45  98 
'22    :  45.45 

22  L  44.94 
22J  !  44  44 
223  i  43  96 

23  43.48 
23i  I  43.01 
23i  i  42.55 
233  I  42  11 

24  1  41.67 
241  41.24 
24^:  40.82 
24|    40  40 

25  40.00 
25^  39.60 
25^  39.22 
25^  3S.83 

26  38  46 
26 1  38.10 
26^  37  74 
26|  37.38 

27  37.04 
27V  36.70 
27^  36.36 
27i  36.04 

28  35.71 
281  35.40 


35.09 
28|  34.78 
29  34.48 
29i  34.19 
29^  a3.90 
293  33.61 


30\  I  33.06 

304  32.79 

30|  32.52 

31  32.26 
31i  32.00 
31i  31.75 
31|  31.50 

32  31.25 
•6'Z\  31.01 
m  30.77 
•o2i  30.53 

33  30.30 
33i  :  30.07 
33*  29.85 
33|  !  29.63 

34  1  29.41 
34  i  29.20 
34i  28.99 


34i 
35 


28.78 
28.57 


35i  !  28.37 

35i  28.17 

35|  27  97 

36  I  27.78 
36i  ■  27.59 
36^  1  27.40 
361  27.21 

37  I  27.03 
37i  '  26  85 
37*  26.h7 
37i  ,  26.49 

38  '  26.32 
38i  '  26.14 
38*  25.97 
38|  25.81 

39  :  25.64 
39i  25.48 
39*  25  32 
39|  25.16 

40  25.00 
40^  i  24.84 
40^  24.69 
40i  24.54 

41  i4.39 
41 V  24.24 
41*  24.10 
413  23.95 


42  I  23  81 
42^  23.67 
42*  ;  23.53 
42|  23.39 

43  23.26 
43i  23.12 
43*  22.99 
433  22.83 

44  22.73 
22.60 
22.47 
22.35 
22  2*^ 
22;i0 
21.98 
21.86 
21.74 
21.62 
21.51 
21.39 
21.28 
21.16 
21.05 
20.94 
20.83 
20.73 
20  62 
20.51 
20.41 
20  30 
2021 
20.10 
20.00 
19.90 
19.80 
19.70 
19.H1 
19.51 
19.42 
19.32 
19.23 
19.14 
19.05 
18.96 
18.87 
18  78 


441- 

^^ 

443 
45 
45i 
45* 
45i 
46 
46i 
46* 
46| 
47 
471 
47^ 
47^ 
48 
481 
48* 
483 
49 
491 
49* 

m 

50 
501 
50* 
50| 
51 
511 
51* 

M» 
f 
f 

m 

54* 
54| 
55 
551 


18.G0 
18.52 
18.43 
18.35 
18  26 
18.18 
18.10 


55*  i  18.02 
55|  17.94 
56  17.86 
561  1 


56* 


17.70 
17.62 

57  i  17.54 
571  I  17.47 
57i  I  17.39 
57i  1  17.32 

58  I  17.24 

b^  17.17 

581  !  17.09 
b^  I  17.02 

59  I  16.fi5 
591  16.88 
59*  16.81 
59|  1  16.74 

60  16.67 
601  16.60 
601  I  16.53 
mi  !  16.46 

61  I  16.39 
611  i  16.33 
61*  16.26 

16.19 
16.13 
16.06 
16.00 
15.94 
15.87 
15.81 
15.75 
15.69 


61i 
62 
621 
62* 
62^ 
63 
631 
63* 
63i 

64  I  15.62 
641  15.56 
64*  I  15.50 
64|  i  15.44 

65  I  15  38 
651  I  15.33 
65*  i  15.27 
65|  I  15.21 

66  I  1515 
661  :  15.09 
661  I  15.04 
66|  i  14.98 

67  14  93 


14.87 
14.81 
14.76 
14.71 
14.65 
14.60 
14.55 


69 
69  \ 

69* 
69i 
70 

70* 

70| 

71 

711 

71^ 

721 

m 

731 

73* 

73i 

74 

741 

74^ 

74| 

75 

751 

Ibh 

75i 

76 

76i 

76* 

76| 


14.49 
1444 
14  39 
14.34 
14.29 
14.23 
14.18 
14.13 
14.08 
14.04 
13.99 
13.94 
13.89 
13.84 
13.79 
13.75 
13.70 
13.65 
13.61 
13.56 
13. .'SI 
13.47 
13.42 
13.33 
13.3;3 
13.29 
13.25 
13.20 
13.16 
13.11 
13.07 
13.03 
12.99 
12.cn 
12.90 
12.86 
12  82 
12."78 
12.74 
12.70 
12.K6 
12.62 
12.58 
12.54 
12.50 
12.42 
12.35 
12.27 
12.20 
12  12 
12.05 
11.98 
1190 
11.83 


{Ste  last  paragraph,  page  61  ) 


USEFUL  TABLES  FOR  SPINNERS.  65 


TABLE 

For  numbering  Yarn  by  the  weight,  in  grains,  of  840  yards  or  one  hank. 


u 

a3 
P. 

a, 

a; 
P< 

U. 

a. 
Cu 

p  ^ 

umbei 
'  Yarn 

c  ^ 

S  d 
-g  ^ 

umbei 
■  Yarn 

i  c 

c  ^ 

2§ 

=  t 

=t 

g  a 

c  W 

0  W 

Z  0 

cB 

Z  0 

Z  0 

oa 



9 

777.78 

ZU 

oou.uu 

31 

OOK  01 
ZZD. SI 

/lO 

4Z 

1RR  R7 
iDD.b/ 



53 

]o2.C8 

7R 

09  1 

yz.i 

9i 

756.76 

201 

o40.Do 

"It 

224.00 

421 
42^ 

165.68 

531 

131.46 

1 7 

yu.y 

736.84 

91 1 

Olty 

1  R/1  71 
104.  /  1 

531 

1  QA  0/1 
I0U.04 

78 

1 0 

OQ  7 

8y.< 

n 

717.95 

QQ7 

q-i3 
0-L4 

220.47 

42| 

163.74 

533 

130.23 

7Q 

1  y 

00  R 

08. b 

10 

700.00 

01 
Zl 

000.00 

32 

91 0  '"p; 

/IQ 
4o 

1  RO  7Q 

iDZ.  1  y 

54^ 

IOQ  RQ 

izy.bo 

8(1 
OU 

87  K 
8  ( .0 

101 

682.93 

QOQ  A1 
O^y  .'iX 

321 

01  7 
Zl  <  .Uo 

/1Q1 

1  R1  OK 
IDl.oO 

t^Al 

129.03 

81 
01 

OR  A 

IQi 

666.67 

01  1 

QOr,  r;Q 
0^0. Oi5 

.991 

01  K  QO 

Zln.oo 

/I  Ql 

4o^ 

160.92 

128.44 

00 
8Z 

OK  A 

105!  651.16 

01  3 

ZIJ 

Q'JI  0/1 
Oi±.c4 

01  0  7/f 

Zlo.  (4 

43J 

160.00 

54=* 

127.85 

OQ 

00 

QA  Q 

84. 0 

11 

f  36  36 

00 

Q1S  18 

S3 

01  0  1  0 
ZIZ.  IZ 

44 

159.09 

55' 

107  07 

OA 
04 

OQ  Q 
80.0 

622.22 

001 

Q1  /I  Rl 

331 

01 A  CLO 
ZlU.oZ 

441 

158.19 

551 

126.70 

OK 
80 

09  A 

8Z.4 

608.70 

00  1 

Q1 1  11 
oil. 11 

331. 

OAQ  OR 

zuo.yb 

44i 

157.30 

55I 

126.13 

OR 
80 

01  A 

81.4 

595.74 

003 
--4 

'.^07  RQ 

333 

0A7  /II 
ZU(  .41 

44^ 

156.42 

553 

125.56 

87 
8  ( 

OA  K 
8U.O 

12 

583.33 

OQ 

oyji. 00 

34 

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ZUO  .00 

45 

155.56 

56* 

125.00 

08 
88 

70  K 

12', 

571.43 

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QA1  AC 
oUl.Uo 

204.38 

451 

154.70 

561 

124.44 

OQ 

8y 

70  7 

560.00 

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45^ 

153.85 

565 

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201.44 

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loo.Ul 

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538.46 

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15 

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118.04 

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153 

444.44 

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lo0.4o 

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404 

lAQ  KQ 
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11  (  .10 

1 1 

110 

R  1  Q 

0  '.y 

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437.50 

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OtiQ  OR 
ZOy .  ZD 

38'' 

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10A 
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f^a  Q 
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430.77 

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071 

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loo.Ul 

491 

142.13 

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114.8 

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KR  A 

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16i 

424.24 

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lol  .OZ 

492 

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141.41 

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no  Q 
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c;q  8 
00.0 

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417.91 

2<^ 

Or,0  Oc^ 
ZoZ.ZO 

38^ 

1  OA  RK 
loU.DO 

491 

140.70 

63 

111  1 
111.  J 

1  QK 

loo 

c^l  Q 

01. y 

17 

411.76 

Zo 

orn  r  A 

39 

179.49 

50 

140.00 

64 

1A0  /I 
iuy.4 

140 

KA  l\ 

171 

m 

405.80 

OSl 

Z04 

0/17  "-Q 

391 

1  70 

J  ( 0.00 

501 

1  QQ  Qf^ 

loy.ou 

65 

107  7 

lit; 

140 

18  Q 
48. 0 

400.00 

28i 

245.61 

39^ 

177.21 

50i 

138.61 

66 

106.1 

150 

46.7 

1'4 

394.37 

28a 

243.48 

39, 

176.10 

50ij 

137  93 

67 

104.5 

155 

45.2 

18 

388.89 

29 

241.38 

40 

175.00 

51 

137.25 

68 

102.9 

160 

43.7 

181 

383.56 

29i 

239.32 

401 

173.91 

511 

136. 9 

69 

101.4 

165 

42.4 

18i 

378.38 

29A 

237.29 

401 

172.84 

5U 

135.92 

70 

100.0 

170 

41.2 

18| 

373.33 

29:1 

235.29 

40§ 

171.78 

51| 

135.27 

71 

98.6 

175 

40.0 

19 

368.42 

30 

233.33 

41 

170.73 

52 

134.62 

72 

97.2 

180 

38.9 

191 

363.64 

301 

231.40 

41' 

169.70 

521 

133.97 

73 

95.9 

185 

37.8 

19^ 

358.97 

30  A 

229.51 

41i 

168.67 

52^ 
525 

133..-3 

74 

94.6 

190 

36.8 

19^ 

354.43 

30§ 

227.64 

41i 

167.66 

132.70 

75 

93,3 

|195 
2(0 

35.9 
35.0 

66 


USEFUL  TABLES  FOR  SPINNERS. 


TWIST  TABLE, 

Showing  the  square  root  of  the  numbers  or  counts  from  1  to  100  hanks  in  the 
pound,  with  the  twist  per  inch  for  ditferent  kinds  of  yarn. 


o  »' 

ii 

Square 
Hoot. 

•-5  >  1 1 

03  *i 

9  *'S 
^  2  s , 
V  —  5  ^ 

es£  £" 

Extra 
lie  Warp 
Twist. 

rdinary 
nlo  Warp 
Twist. 

Mule 
Filling 
Twist. 

1 

1.0000 

4.75 

4.50 

4.00 

3.75 

3.25 

2 

1.4142 

0.71 

6.30 

5.65 

5.30 

4  60 

3 

1.7320 

8.22 

7.79 

6.92 

6.49 

5.62 

4 

2.0000 

9.50 

9.00 

8.00 

7.50 

6.50 

5 

2.2360 

10.62 

10.06 

8.94 

8.38 

7.26 

6 

2.4494 

11.63 

11.02 

9.79 

9.18 

7.96 

7 

2.6457 

12.56 

11.90 

10.58 

9.92 

8.59 

8 

2.8284 

13.43 

12.72 

11.31 

10.60 

9.19 

9 

3.0000 

14.25 

13.50 

12.00 

11.25 

9.75 

10 

3.1622 

15.02 

14.23 

12  64 

11.85 

10.27 

11 

3.3166 

15.75 

14.92 

13.26 

12.43 

10.77. 

12 

3.4641 

16.45 

15  58 

13.85 

12.99 

11.25 

13 

3.6055 

17.12 

16.22 

14.42 

13.52 

11.71 

U 

3.7416 

17.77 

16.84 

14.96 

14.03 

12.16 

15 

3.8729 

18.39 

17.43 

15.49 

14.52 

12.48 

16 

4.0000 

19.00 

18.00 

16.00 

15.00 

13.00 

17 

4.1231 

19.58 

18.55 

16.49 

15.46 

13.40 

18 

4.2426 

20.15 

19.09 

16.97 

15.90 

13.78 

19 

4.3.588 

20.70 

19.61 

17.43 

16.34 

14.16 

20 

4.4721 

21.24 

20.12 

17.88 

16.77 

14.. 53 

21 

4.5825 

21.76 

20.62 

18.33 

17.18 

14.89 

22 

4.6904 

22.27 

21.10 

18.76 

17.58 

15.24 

23 

4.7958 

22.78 

21.58 

19.18 

17.98 

15.58 

24 

4.8989 

23.26 

22.04 

19.59 

18.37 

15.92 

25 

5.0000 

23.75 

22.50 

20.00 

18.75 

16.25 

26 

5.0990 

24.22 

22.95 

20.39 

19:11 

16.57 

27 

5.1961 

24.68 

.  23.38 

20.78 

19.48 

10.88 

28 

5.2915 

25.13 

23.81 

21.16 

19.84 

17.19 

29 

5.3851 

25-57 

24.23 

21.54 

20.19 

17.49 

30 

5.4772 

26.01 

24.64 

21.90 

20.54 

17.80 

31 

5.5677 

26.44 

25.05 

22.27 

20.87 

18.09 

32 

5.6568 

26.86 

25.45 

22.62 

21.21 

18.38 

33 

5.7445 

27.28 

25.85 

22.97 

21..54 

18.67 

34 

3.8309 

27.69 

26.24 

23.32 

21.86 

18.95 

35 

5.9160 

28.10 

26.62 

23.<;6 

22.18 

19.22 

36 

6.0000 

28.50 

27.00 

24.00 

22.50 

19.50' 

37 

6.0827 

28.89 

27.37 

24.33 

22.81 

19.76 

38 

6.1644 

29.28 

27.73 

24.65 

23.11 

20.03 

39 

6.2449 

29.66 

28.10 

24.98 

23.41 

20.29 

40 

6.3245 

30.04 

28.46 

25.29 

2:{.71 

20.. 55 

41 

6.4031 

30.41 

28.81 

25.61 

24.01 

20.81 

42 

6.4807 

30.78 

29.16 

25.92 

24.30 

21.06 

43 

6.5574 

31.14 

29.51 

26.22 

24.59 

21.31 

44 

6.6332 

31.50 

29.84 

26.53 

24.87 

21.55 

45 

6.7082 

31.86 

30.19 

26.83 

25.15 

21  80 

46 

6.7823 

32.21 

30.52 

27.12 

25.43 

22.04 

47 

6.8556 

32.56 

30.85 

27.42 

25.70 

22.28 

48 

6.9282 

32.90 

31.18 

27.71 

25.98 

22.51 

49 

7.0000 

33.25 

31.50 

28.00 

26.25 

22.75 

50 

7.0710 

33.58 

31.82 

28.28 

26.51 

22.98 

USEFUL  TABLES  FOR  SPINNERS.  67 


TWIST  TABLE— {CoiUmued.) 


Counts  or 
Numbers. 

Square 
Hoot. 

Ordinary 
Frame 
AVarp 
Twist. 

David 
Whitman's 

Frame 
Warp  Twist. 

Extra 
Mule  AVarp 
Twist. 

Ordinary 
Mule  AVarp 
Twist. 

Mule 
Filling 
Twist. 

til 

/  .i4I-i 

OQ  no 
oo.yz 

32.14 

20.00 

Oft  TQ 

20.  <o 

2o  2!) 

^0 

7  O  1  1  1 

o4.2o 

32.45 

OQ  Ql 

07  ni 
2/  .U4 

OQ    (  Q 

oo 

7  OQHI 

o4.0e5 

32.70 

Ou  10 

07  QA 
2  i  .OU 

OQ  f.t: 
2o  01) 

^1 
0-t 

1  .£>4o4: 

34.90 

33.07 

on  QO 
2y.oy 

OT  f;^; 
2  <  .00 

OQ  QQ 

2o  00 

00 

7  (KM 

35.22 

33.37 

on  (Id 
2y  .00 

07  8  1 

0  (    1  A 

24. 1 U 

00 

7.4833 

oo.o4 

33.07 

2;J.yo 

OQ  Afl 
2o  UO 

24.32 

^^7 
Ot 

/  .5498 

35.80 

33.97 

OA  on 

08  Q 1 
20  01 

01  n-i 
24.  Oo 

oo 

/  .010/ 

oO.  17 

34.27 

^0  If! 

08  '-i^i 

20. 00 

0  1  T."i 
24.  i  0 

0!i 

7        1  1 

^1  .Ooil 

36.48 

34  50 

•K\  TO 

oU.  /  2 

OQ  80 

0  1  OP 

24. y() 

Art 

*7  T  1  .\0 

< .  / 4oU 

30.79 

34  86 

Qrt  CIQ 

oU.Uo 

0  1  ni 

21. U4 

0;;  IT 
2o.  1  / 

Ox 

7  Q 1  no 

37.09 

00.  lo 

^1  01 

01  08 

Ot  QQ 
2.3  Oo 

o^ 

/  .8/ 4U 

37.40 

35.43 

01     1 Q 

0 1 .  4y 

Oil  tO 
2-7 .  i)2 

25. 59 

oo 

7 

Qr  TA 

35.72 

"il  71 
ol.  (  4 

03  7f^ 

O^  TO 

20. 1  y 

0-t 

o.UUUU 

38.00 

36.00 

Q.O  AA 

QA  A(^ 
OW.UU 

or»  AA 
20. UU 

00 

Q  nn.").T 
o.UOZ^ 

38.2.Q 

30.28 

QO  0 1 
o2.24 

Qrt  OQ 
OU  20 

Of  00 
2b. 2U 

oo 

8  1  oin 

o.  i  Z4U 

oa.oo 

30.50 

"iO  10 
o2. 4y 

QA  Ifi 

OR  1  (» 
20. 4U 

D 1 

8  1  8  ^ 
o.  1  <5-30 

36.83 

^iO  71 
02.  (  4 

Qrt  no 
OU.  O.J 

Oi;  fin 

Oo 

8  OJRO 

39.10 

37.11 

'^•0  OQ 

o2. yo 

Qrt  00 
0U.y2 

Oft  QA 

20. oU 

Of 

o.oUOO 

oy.4o 

Qt  .30 
0/  .00 

•i'i  00 
oO.  22 

'-?  1  11 
0  i.  l-i 

Oc  00 

20.  yy 

o.OOOO 

QO  T  ( 

oU .  /  4 

01  .00 

'i'^  in 

00.4:0 

Ql  Q7 

07  1 0 
z  t .  ly 

71 

8  lOfl  1 
o.4iiO  1 

40  02 

37.92 

TA 
OO.  /  U 

Ql  fiO 
01.0.J 

OT  QQ 

2/  .00 

79 

8  18  ^O 

40.30 

38.18 

"^'^  01 

oo. y4 

Ql  81 
0  I.O  i 

OT  tk7 

2/  .0/ 

7'^ 

O.044U 

,t A  rco 
4U.0(5 

38.45 

Q  1    1  T 

o4.1  / 

QO  OQ 
OZ.VO 

OT  TR 

2/ ./O 

74. 

o.0U2o 

40.80 

38.71 

"ii  in 

QO  0^ 
0^  ZO 

OT  or; 

2<  .yo 

/  0 

o.0l)U2 

4i.l.j 

38.97 

Q  1  1 

O4.04 

QO  17 
02.4/ 

OQ  1  1 
2o.l4 

7R 
/  0 

o. / I  /  / 

41.40 

39.23 

Q  1  QT 

o4.o/ 

QO  /'Q 

02. oy 

OQ  QQ 

2o.oo 

77 

a  77  10 

11  f  0 
41. Oo 

39.49 

tK  AO 

oo.uy 

QO  on 
oz.yu 

OQ  1 
2o.01 

78 

8  8  "i  1  7 

/II  AK 

41. yO 

o'J.  /  4 

^fi  "JO 
00.02 

QQ  1  I 
0  0 .  i  L 

08  7n 
2o.  f  U 

7Q 

8  888 1 
o.ooo  L 

10  0 1 

1  A  AA 

00.00 

'^1  QQ 
00.00 

08  88 
2o. 00 

<irt 

8  UIaO 

10  ( 0 
4z.4o 

40.25 

Q?;  TT 
00.  /  / 

QQ  M 

01  f^f^ 
2J.U0 

81 

0  finnn 
y  .uuuu 

,10  T  n 
4J.  /  0 

/I  A  K  A 

Qfi  AA 

oO. UU 

QQ  7^' 
00.  t  0 

00  o\ 
2y.20 

y  .Uooo 

1  0  A1 

40.75 

•>p.  00 
00.22 

Q  Q  0 

OO.yo 

ou  1 .1 

83 

oil  ni 

y .  1  L\)-k 

,1  Q  OT 

41.00 

QR  11 

00.44 

Ql  1  a 
o-i.  1 0 

OU  f!A 

2y  .OU 

84 

0  1  HtI 

y .  1 0  0  i 

/I  Q 

'to.  00 

,11  Ct  i 
41.24 

00.00 

Ql  QR 
0  * .  0  0 

ou  78 

OO 

0  o  1  o 

,(  0  TA 

40.  /y 

41 .49 

Qf:  QT 
oO.o/ 

Ql  5^7 
o4.0/ 

ou  OR 

2y.yo 

86 

0  07 '^ft 

y.Z( oo 

,1  1   A  ( 

44.  U4 

41.73 

QT  /^O 

0/  .Uy 

Ql  77 
04.  /  / 

QO  1 Q 

ou.  lo 

87 

9.3273 

44.30 

41.97 

37.30 

34.97 

30  31 

88 

oo 

y  .ooUo 

44  00 

42.2 1 

QT  RO 

o/  .02 

Q^  1  7 
00. 1  t 

Qn  1 Q 
oU. 4o 

^3 

9.4:«9 

44.81 

42.45 

37.73  ■ 

35.37 

30.00 

90 

9.4808 

45.00 

42.09 

37.94 

35  57 

30.83 

91 

9.5393 

45.31 

42.92 

38.15 

35.77 

31.00 

92 

9.5910 

45.56 

43.10 

38.30 

35.90 

31.17 

93 

9.0436 

45.80 

43.40 

38.57 

30.16 

31.34 

94 

9.0953 

40.05 

43.03 

38.78 

30.35 

31.50 

95 

9.7407 

4->.29 

43.80 

38.98 

30.55 

31  07 

90 

9.7979 

46.54 

44.09 

39.19 

30.74 

31  84 

97 

9.8488 

40.78 

44.32 

39.39 

36.93 

32.00 

98 

9.8994 

47  02 

44.55 

39.. 59 

37.11 

32.17 

99 

9.9498 

47.26 

44.77 

39.79 

37.3 1 

32  33 

100 

10.0000 

47.59 

45.00 

40.00 

37.50 

32.50 

68 


USEFUL  TABLES  FOR  SPINNERS. 


ENGLISH  TABLE, 

Showing  the  quality  of  warp  yam  by  the  weight  that  one  seventh  of  a  hank  or 
eighty  turns  of  a  yard  and  a  half  reel  from  one  bobbin  will  bear  before  break- 
ing, given  in  pounds  and  ounces. 


CRniNARr 

QCiLIXr. 


FAIR 
QUALITY. 


GOOD 
QUALITY. 


ixtIia 

QUALITY. 


SUP.  EXTRA 
QUALITY. 


c 

Breaking 

i 

Breaking 

Breaking 

1  U 

Breaking 

Breaking 

Weight, 

Weight,  i 

1  >^ 

Weight. 

a 

Weight. 

Weight. 

o 

lbs. 

oz. 

o 
J? 

IDS. 

1 

oz.  . 

1  d 

IDS. 

oz. 

1  i2; 

lbs 

oz. 

6 

IDS. 

oz. 

10 

115 

10 

10 

120 

8 

10 

125 

6 

10 

130 

4 

i  10 

m 

3 

11 

102 

4 

11 

104 

7 

11 

106 

10 

11 

108 

14  ! 

n 

111 

2 

12 

96 

15 

12 

99 

2 

12 

100 

5 

12 

103 

8  ' 

12 

105 

12 

13 

91 

14  1 

13 

93 

15 

13 

96 

0 

13 

98 

2  i 

13 

ipo 

4 

14 

89 

12 

14 

91 

12 

14 

93 

13 

14 

95 

14 

14 

97 

15 

15 

83 

12  1 

'  15 

85 

10  \ 

15 

87 

8 

15 

89 

7 

15 

91 

6 

16 

81 

11 

1  16 

83 

8  i 

16 

85 

6 

1  16 

87 

4 

16 

89 

2 

17 

76 

14 

17 

78 

10 ! 

17 

80 

6  ! 

i  17 

82 

2 

17 

83 

14 

18 

72 

10 ! 

'  18 

74 

4  , 

18 

75 

14 

18 

77 

8 

18 

79 

3 

20 

67 

14 

1  20 

69 

6  , 

20 

70 

14 

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USEFUL  TABLES  FOR  SPINNERS. 


69 


BREAKING  WEIGHT  OF  AMERICAN  YARNS. 

Tlie  foregoing  English  table  is  apparently  made  up  by  grouping  together  a 
large  number  of  results  from  actual  tests  of  yarn  in  different  mills  ;  at  any 
rate  we  see  no  other  way  of  accounting  for  its  irregularities.  Thinking  to 
meet  the  demand  for  a  table  better  adapted  to  the  wants  of  spinners  in  this 
country,  we  recently  sent  out  to  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  of  the  leading 
mills  the  following  circular  :  — 

"  Dear  Sik,  —  We  are  endeavoring  to  collect  sufficient  data  for  the  prep- 
aration of  a  table  showing  the  breaking  weight  for  American  ring-frame  warp 
yarns,  to  take  the  place  of  the  English  table  conmionly  printed,  which  is  of 
little  value  in  this  country.  To  this  end,  we  desire  to  ascertain  the  standards 
used  in  our  principal  New  England  factories,  that  we  may  deduce  a  reliable 
average.  Will  you  assist  us  by  answering  the  following  queries  with  regard  to 
the  mills  under  your  charge  ? 

"  No.  of  warp  yarn  spun?  [If  several  numbers  are  spun,  state  with  regard 
to  each.] 

Kind  of  goods  woven? 

"  Standard  breaking  weight  of  one  skein,  or  80  turns  of  a  1^  yard  reel? 

"  Any  further  facts  or  suggestions  bearing  on  this  matter  will  be  gladly 
received.  "  Yours  truly,"  etc. 

Somewhat  to  our  surprise  we  received  answers  from  but  thirty-one  parties. 
In  preparing  a  tabular  statement  from  these  returns  we  have  thrown  out  five 
for  various  reasons  as  unsuitable  for  our  purpose.  Six  more  were  from  print- 
cloth  mills,  and  these  we  have  not  used.  (The  numbers  of  yarn  in  these  six 
ranged  from  27  to  21),  and  the  breaking  weights  from  48  to  65  pounds,  aver- 
aging 55^  pounds). 

The  reujaining  twenty  mills  gave  returns  covering  thirty-five  different  num 
bers  of  ring-frame  warp  yarns,  mostly  used  in  various  grades  of  sheeting,  shirt- 
ing, and  cambrics,  or  sold  in  the  skein.  These  we  have  used  in  the  prepai  ation 
of  a  diagram  giving  an  average  line  from  which  the  following  table  is  deduced. 
The  statistics  do  not  justify  extending  the  table  to  yarns  coarser  than  17  or 
finer  than  50  ;  and  as  the  greater  part  of  them  were  for  yarns  numbering  be- 
tween 20  and  30,  the  average  shown  by  the  table  is  most  reliable  inside  those 
limits. 

TABLE 


Showing  the  average  breaking  weight  of  American  warp  yarns,  per  skein.  Weight 
given  in  pounds  and  tenths. 


Number. 

Breaking 
Weight. 

Number. 

Breaking 
Weight. 

Number. 

Breaking 
Weiglit. 

17 

108.0 

28 

57.8 

40 

40.6 

18 

102.8 

29 

55.3 

41 

39.6 

19 

97.8 

30 

53.3 

42 

38.5 

20 

92.9 

31 

51.6 

43 

37.5 

2L 

87.9 

32 

50.0 

44 

36.4 

22 

82.8 

33 

48.7 

45 

35.4 

2:j 

77.9 

34 

47.4 

46 

34.3 

24 

73.3 

35 

46.2 

47 

33.4 

25 

68.9 

36 

45.0 

48 

32.5 

26 

64.8 

37 

44.0 

49 

31.7  - 

27 

61  1 

38 

42.8 

50 

31.0 

39 

41.7  i 

A  comparison  of  the  above  table  with  the  English  table,  taking,  say,  the 
colunui  headed  "  Good  Quality  "  shows  the  American  yarns  coarser  than  30 
considerably  stronger.  Erom  30  to  40  the  difference  decreases,  and  the  case 
is  gradually  reversed.    We  have  so  few  returns  to  work  from  on  the  finer 


70  USEFUL  TABLES  FOR  SPINNERS. 

numbers,  however,  that  we  consider  it  unsafe  to  build  any  theories  on  this 
fact. 

We  are  informed  that  it  has  been  found  in  several  mills  to  be  the  case  that 
for  a  year  past  tlie  average  breaking  strength  of  yarns  has  fallen  ofi'  very  ma- 
terially, in  consequence  of  the  various  misfortunes  attending  the  raisinu;  of 
recent  cotton  crops,  by  which  the  quality  of  the  staple  has  been  injured.  This 
should  be  taken  into  account  in  the  consideration  of  the  above  figures. 

Before  dropping  tlie  subject  we  print  part  of  a  letter  received  from  a  promi- 
nent manufacturer  in  response  to  tlie  call  of  our  circular  for  suggestions:  — 

"  I  cannot  help  thinking  it  would  be  a  good  plan  for  the  New  England 
Cotton  Manufacturers'  Association  to  cause  to  be  made  in  this  country  the 
necessary  apparatus  for  yarn  testing,  and  establish  that  as  a  standard  at  the 
office  of  its  secretary.  To  these  instruments  the  manufacturers  of  America 
should  conform.  We  should  then  have  an  American  standard  of  our  own  to 
guide  us  in  discusshig  such  questions  of  manufacture  as  hinge  upon  identity 
of  number,  etc." 


STATISTICS  OF  TUE  COTTON  MANUFACTURE. 

Preliminary  report  upon  the  cotton  manufacture  of  the  United  States,  exhibiting 
the  number  of  looms,  .«pindles,  the  number  of  bales  of  cotton  consumed,  and  the 
number  of  opera'ives  emploved,  Jis  reported  by  Edward  Atkinson,  of  Boston,  Ma^s., 
Special  Agent  of  the  Tenth  Census  on  Cotton  Manufacture. 


states. 

Looms. 

-  • 

>pmdles. 

Bales  Cotton 
Used. 

Persons 
Emploved. 

Alabama  .... 

LOGO 

55.072 

14,887 

1,600 

Arkansas 

28 

2.015 

720 

64 

Connecticut 

18,036 

931,538 

107,877 

15,497 

Delaware 

823 

48,858 

7,512 

095 

Florida  .... 

816 

350 

33 

Georgia 

4,713 

200,974 

67,874 

6,678 

Illinois  .... 

24 

4,860 

2,261 

281 

Indiana 

776 

33,396 

11.558 

720 

Kentucky 

73 

9,022 

4,215 

359 

Louisiana  . 

120 

6,096 

1.354 

108 

Maine  .... 

15,978 

696,685 

112,-361 

11.318 

Maryland  . 

2,325 

125,(114 

4H,947 

4,159 

Massachusetts  . 

94,788 

4,465,290 

578,590 

62,794 

Michigan 

131 

12,120 

600 

208 

Mississippi 

704 

26,172 

6,411 

748 

^Missouri      .       .  ■  . 

341 

19,312 

6,399 

515 

New  Hampshire 

25,487 

l,0r8.521 

172,746 

16,657 

New  Jersey  . 

3,344 

232,305 

20,  .569 

4,658 

New  York 

12,822 

578,512 
102,767 

70,014 

10,710 

North  Carolina  . 

1,960 

27,508 

3,428 

Ohio  .... 

42 

14;328 

10,597 

563 

Pennsylvania 

10,541 

446,379 

86,355 

11,871 

Ehode  Island  . 

30,274 

1,649.295 

161.694 

22.228 

South  Carolina  . 

1,776 

92,788 

33,099 

2,195 

Tennessee 

1,068 

46,268 

11,699 

1,312 

Texas  .... 

71 

2,648 

246 

71 

Utah  .... 

14 

432 

29 

Vermont 

1,180 

55,088 

7,404 

735 

Virginia  .... 
Wisconsin  . 

1,324 

44,336 

11.461 

1,112 

400 

10,240 

3,173 

282 

Totals 

230,223 

10,921,147 

1,586,481 

181,628 

The  above  does  not  include  the  ho.<iery  mills,  or  any  of  the  mills  known  as  woolen 
mills,  where  cotton  may  be  a  component  material  used  Id  the  manufacture. 


THE  DOUBLE  ADJUSTABLE  SPINNING  RING.  71 


THE  DOUBLE  ADJUSTABLE  SPINNING 
RING. 


TWO  RINGS  IN  ONE. 


Next  in  importance  to  the  spindle  is  the  rins;,  the  essential  requisites  of 
which  are  roundness,  smoothness,  adjustability,  and  durability. 

The  advantages  of  adjustable  rings  are  self-evident.  It  is  absolutely  impos- 
sible to  build  new  frames  with  every  spindle  precisely  in  the  centre  of  the  ring, 
and  even  if  near  enough  for  all  practical  purposes,  they  do  not  remain  so; 
the  settling  of  floors,  wear  of  frames,  action  of  heat,  and  incidental  causes 
operate  to  change  their  relative  position.  Again,  all  spindles  which  differ  from 
the  Sawyer  by  having  the  bolster  directly  in  the  rail,  when  run  to  their  full 
capacity,  communicate  heat  to  the  bolster  rail,  causing  it  to  expand  and  throw 
the  spindle  out  of  concentricity;  to  remedy  which  defect  adjustable  rings  are  a 
necessity. 

We  make  a  specialty  of  making  rings.  We  make  them  in  large  quantities, 
with  the  best  tools  we  can  procure,  and  then  subject  them  to  the  most  rigid 
inspection,  rejecting  all  that  do  not  come  up  to  a  proper  standard.  We  use 
different  stock  from  any  other  maker,  and  we  consider  it  better  than  any  other. 
The  blanks  are  made  by  drop  forging,  without  a  weld.  We  have  a  patent 
for  this,  and  no  other  maker  does  it.  The  welding  process  is  almost  sure  to 
produce  a  different  state  of  things,  affecting  the  grain  of  the  iron  at  the  point 
where  the  weld  is  made.  We  have  different  tools  from  any  other  maker,  hav- 
ing procured  three  different  sets,  each  an  improvement  on  the  preceding.  The 
form  of  our  ring  is  different  from  any  other,  the  parts  being  balanced  so  that 
the  race  in  hai-dening  is  not  affected  by  the  large  mass  of  metal  below  it,  as  in 
the  common  ring.  We  also  have  a  plan  and  process  for  hardening  rings  dif- 
ferent fi'om  any  other  maker's,  and  we  think  better.  The  value  of  a  ring  de- 
pends just  as  much  upon  its  ]iroper  temper  as  does  the  value  of  a  knife  or 
razor.  The  races  of  the  rings  should  all  be  made  of  proper  form  and  entirely 
alike,  as  the  same  travelers  should  tit  the  different  rings,  and  the  drag  or  draft 
is  largely  dependent  upon  the  fit  of  the  traveler  upon  the  race. 

The  durability  of  any  ring  and  its  capacity  for  doing  good  work  depend 
very  largely  upon  its  proper  and  nice  adjustment  to  the  spindle  The  easiest 
and  most  perfect  mode  of  adjustment  is  obtained  by  the  use  of  our  plate- 
holders.  The  illustration  above  given  shows  a  section  of  ring-rail  with  a  ring 
and  plate-holder.   The  ring  and  holder  separately  are  shown  on  the  next  page. 


72 


THE  DOUBLE  ADJUSTABLE  SPINNING  RING. 


We  feel  sure  these  holders  are  not  only  simpler  and  cheaper,  hut  hetter 
than  any  other  form.  It  is  said  by  some  that  they  are  not  so  neat  in  api)ear- 
ance  as  the  three-screw  arranc^ement.  Xovv  none  but  the  most  careful  men 
will  ever  set  rinsjs  just  as  they  should  be,  with  the  three-screw  arrangement, 
from  the  very  nature  of  the  case;  while  with  our  plate-holders  none  but  a 
blockhead  will  fail  to  set  the  rings  just  right.  All  the  objections  urged  against 
this  holder  are  puerile,  when  compared  with  its  advantages,  among  which  is 
its  superior  adaptability  over  any  other  form  for  using  rings  of  different  sizes 
on  the  same  rail,  as  is  sometimes  necessary  when  a  great  change  in  the  num- 
ber of  the  yarn  produced  is  made.  A  li  inch  ring  can  readily  be  put  on  a  rail 
drilled  for  a  1|.  inch  ring.  A  larger  ring  can  also  be  used  on  a  given  sized 
hole  in  the  rail  than  with  any  other  kind. 

For  customers  who  prefer  the  cast-iron  holder,  we  make  it  as  shown  in  the 
following  illustration  :  — 


Commencing  in  the  year  1871,  we  have  changed  old  frames,  putting  Sawyer 
or  Xew  Kabbeth  Spindles  iu  the  place  of  others,  to  the  extent  of  over  800,000 
spindles.  In  almost  every  case  we  have  also  removed  the  common  rings  and 
supplied  their  places  with  our  double  adjustable  rings.  In  some  cases,  where  it 
was  especially  inconvenient  to  drill  the  rails  for  the  plate-holders,  we  have 
found  it  necessary  to  provide  still  another  form  of  holder  as  shown  below:  — 


ITS  REMARKABLE  DURABILITY.  73 

The  next  cut  shows  the  same  holder,  with  the  ring  in  its  place.  The  holder 
is  intended  to  be  immovably  secured  in  the  rail,  and  the  ring  is  adjustable 
upon  it. 


To  wliat  extent  does  the  increase  of  speed  on  ring  frames  caused  by  the  in- 
troduction of  the  Sawyer  Spindles  affect  the  durability  of  rings?  When  ring 
frames  on  No.  23  to  30  yarn  were  run  at  a  speed  of  G-t  revolutions  per  minute 
of  the  front  rolls,  prior  to  1871,  the  average  life  of  common  one-flange  rings 
was  found  to  be  about  three  years;  not  more  at  any  rate.  The  double  adjust- 
able rings  having  two  flanges  are  generally  used  in  comiection  with  Sawyer  or 
Rabbeth  spindles,  running  on  the  same  immber  of  yarn,  at  an  increase  of 
speed  of  from  25  to  50  per  cent.,  that  is,  all  the  way  from  80  to  100  revolu- 
tions per  minute  of  front  rolls.  Now,  rings  having  two  flanges  ought,  other 
things  being  equal,  to  last  twice  as  long  as  those  having  only  one.  Then 
surely,  considering  the  greatly  increased  speed,  if  the  double  flanged  rings 
should  last  six  years  they  would  do  well.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  however,  we 
have  been  making  and  selling  the  double  rings  for  over  twelve  years.  Up  to 
January  1,  1881,  we  had  sold  2,218,079  of  them;  and  out  of  this  number  only 
24-,928  were  to  take  the  place  of  those  of  the  same  kind  worn  out:  but  a  trifle 
over  one  per  cent,  of  the  whole,  and  less  than  were  in  actual  use  more  than 
ten  years  ago. 

The  only  objection  we  hear  to  the  purchase  of  our  two  rings  in  one,  for  new 
or  old  frames,  is  their  additional  cost  over  single  rings.  Some  builders  of 
frames,  we  are  told,  charge  ten  cents  a  spindle  more  for  our  double  rings  than 
for  single  ones;  others  charge  only  five  cents  more.  Let  us  compare  the  actual 
cost  to  the  manufacturer. 

Our  double  rings  have  .so  far  lasted,  on  an  average,  at  least  ten  years  (we 
hope  they  won't  last  any  longer).  We  will  base  our  calculations  on  the  as- 
sumption that  the  common  rings  would  be  as  good  as  ours  for  use,  and  would 
last  five  years,  which  is  below  the  limit  of  the  proved  durability,  per  flange,  of 
those  we  made  over  ten  years  ago,  —  and  those  were  not  as  good,  either  in 
stock  or  workmanship,  as  we  are  now  making.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  common 
rings,  as  ordinarily  made,  do  not,  on  an  average,  last  anything  like  five  years. 
One  maker,  we  hear,  warranted  a  certain  lot  to  last  six  years.  In  less  than 
two  years  large  numbers  were  worn  out,  and  the  prospect  seems  to  be  that  it 
will  require  at  least  two  sets  to  last  six  years.  From  the  best  data  we  could 
get  ten  years  ago,  we  believe  that  the  common  rings  as  then  made  would  not 
last,  on  an  average,  three  years,  even  at  the  low  speed  then  run.  In  making 
our  figures  we  will  take  the  present  cost  of  the  average  size  of  common  ring  — 
say  1|-  inch  —  at  seventeen  cents  each  We  put  our  double  rings  for  repairs 
at  sixteen  cents  each,  becau.se  only  the  rings  themselves  require  renewal,  and 
the  holders  and  screws  remain  as  before,  lasting  indefinitely. 

Assume  cost  on  new  frames  of  double  ring  over  common  ...  10  cents. 
Compound  interest  on  this  sum,  at  six  per  cent,  for  five  yeirs    .      3.4  " 

Total  13.4  « 

Cost  of  renewing  common  rings  at  end  of  five  years     ....    17  cents. 
4 


74 


THE  DOUBLE  ADJUSTABLE  SPINNING  RING. 


Then  when  five  years  have  passed  the  common  rings  will  have  proved  the 
most  expensive  investment  by  about  three  and  a  half  cents  each.  Take  the 
next  five  years : — 

The  common  ring  has  cost  3.6  cents  more  than  the  double. 

Compound  interest  on  this  sum,  as  above  1.2  cents. 

Purchase  of  new  rings  .  .  .  Double,  16  cents.  Common,  17  " 
Add  cost  at  end  of  five  years,  as  above   "      13.4    "  17  " 

Totals    .    .    .    29.4  " 

By  pursuing  this  investigation  in  the  same  way  we  find  that  at  the  end  of 
fifteen  years  the  expense  stands  29.4  cents  for  the  double  ring  and  54.2  cents 
for  the  single:  and  if  we  look  twenty  years  ahead,  the  comparison  will  be 
found  to  stand,  double  ring,  29.4  cents;  common  ring,  62.6,  or  more  than 
two  to  one  in  favor  of  the  double  ring:  since  the  common  ring  will  have  been 
renewed  three  times  to  the  double  ring  only  once. 

Suppose  now  that  but  five  cents  more  were  paid  for  the  double  ring,  the 
comparison  would  stand  as  follows :  — 

Cost  for  five  years  .    .    Double  ring,    7.2  cents.    Common  ring,  17.  cents. 
"     ten  years  .    .  "  23.2    "  "         37.3  " 

"     fifteen  years  .  »  23.2    "  "         59.1  » 

*•     twenty  years  .  «'  23.2    "  "         71.3  " 

These  statements  and  calculations  clearly  show  that  if  our  rings  are  as  good 
for  use,  no  manufacturer  can  afford  to  order  frames  with  any  others,  with  a 
difference  of  ten  cents  a  spindle  in  favor  of  the  common  kind.  But  in  case  the 
difference  in  price  is  only  five  cents,  then  only  rich  men  who  had  money  to 
throw  away  could  afford  to  save  five  cents  at  a  cost  of  many  times  that  sum. 

But  the  most  important  question,  after  all,  is,  whose  ring  causes  the  ends 
to  break  least  in  spinning  and  makes  the  best  yarn.  It  is  obvious,  other 
things  being  equal,  that  the  ring  that  lasts  longest  is  in  better  order  for  use 
the  largest  portion  of  the  time.  As  soon  as  a  ring  begins  to  wear  it  begins  to 
break  down  more  ends  and  make  more  imperfect  work.  They  will  be  used 
for  a  while  in  a  more  or  less  imperfect  condition,  consequently  the  more  fre- 
quently the  rings  are  worn  out  the  more  of  the  time  they  will  be  imperfect. 

Of  all  those  to  whom  we  have  supplied  new  rings  when  changing  over  old 
frames,  as  above  referred  to,  during  the  last  ten  years,  we  do  not  know  one 
who  regrets  having  had  them  applied,  at  a  cost  of  about  thirty  cents  each, 
including  the  putting  on.  Many  of  the  common  rings  removed  were  nearly 
new,  others  were  in  all  conditions  from  new  to  worn-out  ones.  Now  if  those 
parties  could  afford  to  pay  thirty  cents  per  ring  to  have  the  advantage  of  our 
rings  over  the  common,  then  it  is  a  clear  case  any  manufacturer  can  well  afford 
to  pay  more  than  ten  cents  each  to  have  them  on  new  frames. 

The  ring  is  a  vital  part  of  a  ring-spinning  machine.  If  this  is  defective, 
the  work  of  the  whole  machine  is  vitiated.  Over  this  track  the  traveler  runs 
at  the  rate  of  more  than  half  a  mile  a  minute,  as  a  rule,  without  lubrication, 
and  the  friction  should  be  as  near  alike  as  possible  on  every  part.  Poor  rings 
may  be  used,  if  people  can  afford  it.  Poor,  worn-out  rings  are  used  by  some 
to  save  the  cost  of  better  ones.  It  is  also  true  that  some  people  still  spin  yarn 
on  spinning  wheels. 

Concerning  the  double  adjustable  rings  when  used  in  connection  with  spin- 
dles provided  with  means  of  adjustment  within  a  single  rail,  we  wish  to  say 
that  we  think  it  will  be  found  in  practice  easier  far  to  adjust  the  rings  to  the 
spindles  rather  than  the  spindles  to  the  rings.  One  circumstance  which  we 
notice  in  introducing  the  double  ring  where  there  has  been  no  previous  expe- 
rience with  it,  is  that  the  complaint  is  sometimes  made  that  the  travelers 
M'ear  out  upon  the  rings  unusually  fast.  Experience  has  proved  that  the 
harder  the  ring  the  more  it  resists  the  burnishing  which  the  traveler  ultimately 
gives  it  (and  which  nothing  else  will  give  it),  and  the  more  travelers  are  worn 
out  in  the  process.  We  have  succeeded  in  producing  a  ring  extraordinarily 
hard  and  correspondingly  durable,  and  the  circumstance  referred  to  can  hardly 
be  considered  otherwise  than  as  a  recommendation  of  the  rii.gs. 


35.2  " 


THE  DOYLE  SEPARATOR. 


75 


We  desire  to  offer  a  suggestion  in  regard  to  the  best  manner  of  putting  in 
new  rings  for  repairs.  Enough  new  ones  should  be  purchased  at  a  time  to 
change  several  frames  throughout,  and  the  best  of  the  old  ririgs  taken  off  may 
then  be  used  where  it  is  necessary  to  make  changes  here  and  there.  Other- 
wise, the  new  rings  scattered  about  among  the  old,  and  used  with  the  same 
travelers  which  are  found  right  for  the  old  ones,  will  be  sure  to  make  the  work 
run  badly.  If  kept  all  together  on  a  few  frames,  the  proper  travelers  can  be 
used  and  there  will  be  no  trouble. 

Much  more  might  be  said  on  this  subject  for  which  we  have  not  space. 
Write  us  for  prices. 


THE  DOYLE  SEPARATOR. 


We  invite  the  careful  attention  of  manufacturers  to  this  improvement  for 
ring  spinning  frames,  which  has  now  gone  into  use  very  extensively,  as  its  merits 
warrant.  It  consists,  as  the  above  illustration  shows,  of  a  thin  iron  tongue  or 
blade  (BB)  interposed  between  the  spindles  in  such  a  way  as  to  prevent  the 
whipping  together  of  ends  under  any  circumstances.  Attached  by  bolts  to  the 
roller-beam  at  proper  intervals  are  stands  (A),  supporting  by  means  of  hinged 
joints  two  parallel  wires  (C),  which  carry  the  separators.  The  latter  are  coun- 
terbalanced by  means  of  weights  (D),  so  as  to  be  easily  moved  by  the  rise  of 
the  ring  rail  and  thrown  back  under  the  thread  board  when  the  rail  is  at  its 


76 


THE  DOYLE  SEPARATOR. 


hi£^hest  point,  and  their  presence  between  the  bobbins  is  unnecessary.  They 
are  also  turned  back  out  of  the  way  during  doffing. 

Several  important  advantages  are  secured  by  the  use  of  the  separators.  The 
speed  may  be  increased,  and  moi-e  yarn  put  on  a  bobbin  by  a  harder  wind. 
The  weight  of  traveler  may  and  should  be  decreased  from  what  would  other- 
wise be  necessary  to  prevent  the  striking  of  ends,  and  the  result  will  be  that 
fewer  breakages  will  occur  on  account  of  the  reduced  strain  upon  the  yarn  be- 
tween the  guide-wire  and  the  rolls.  Or,  both  these  changes  luay  be  made  at 
the  same  time,  without  danger  of  whipping,  even  on  the  narrowest  gauge  of 
frames- 

To  illustrate  what  may  be  accomplished  we  give  a  statement  from  the  super- 
intendent of /a  large  mill  where  they  are  in  use.  He  tells  us  that  in  the  last 
six  months  of  387D,  spinning  No.  34  yam,  there  were  made  16. G  pounds  of  soft 
waste  to  each  1,000  ix)unds  of  yarn  spun.  The  sei^arators  were  put  on,  the 
speed  of  front  rolls  was  increased  6  revolutions,  and  a  lighter  traveler  was 
used.  As  a  consequence,  the  frames  made,  in  the  last  six  months  of  1880, 
nearly  twent)--two  thousand  pounds  more  of  the  same  number  of  3  arn,  with 
only  hAl  pounds  of  soft  waste  per  1,000  pounds  I  a  reduction  of  67  per  cent. 
The  waste  in  both  cases  includes  that  from  top  clearers,  which  of  course  would 
be  about  the  same  with  or  without  separators. 

No  improvement  we  have  introduced  has  met  with  such  extejisive  sale  in  so 
short  a  time,  over  -400,000  havhig  been  sold  to  January  1,  1881,  and  so  far.  as 
we  know  they  are  giving  entire  satisfaction. 

The  following  parties  are  using  the  Do}le  Separators  in  large  numbers:  — 

LocKWOOD  Co.,  Waterville,  Me. 
Hill  Maxubwctlring  Co.,  Lewiston.  Me. 
Peppekell  Manukactukixg  Co.,  Biddeford,  Me. 
Cabot  Co.,  Brunswick,  Me. 

China,  Wkbstek&  Pembhoke  Mills,  Suncook,  X.  H. 
Amoky  Manufacturing  Co.,  Manchester,  X.  H. 
North  Pownal  MANUFACTi  r.iNG  Co.,  Xorth  Pownal,  Yt. 
B.  B.  &  R.  Knight,  Pontiac,  White  Kock  and  iiskville,  Pt.  I.,  and  Readville, 
Mass. 

Hebron  Manufacturing  Co.,  Hebronville  and  Dodgeville,  Mass.,  and 

Providence,  l«.  I. 
Clinton  Manufacturing  Co  ,  TToonsocket,  R.  I. 
Manchaug  Co.,  Manchaug,  Mass. 

WiLLiAMSTOWN  MANUFACTURING  Co.,  TTilliamstown,  Mass. 

BooTT  Cotton  Mills,  Lowell,  ^[ass. 

Hamilton  Manufacturing  Co  ,  Lowell,  Mass. 

Lawrence  Manufacturing  Co.,  Lowell,  Mass. 

Social  Co.,  Woonsocket,  R.  L 

Hamlet  Mills.  Woonsocket.  R.  I. 

Dyerville  Manufacturing  Co.,  Providence,  R.  L 

Atlantic  Mills,  Providence,  R.  1. 

Oriental  Mill,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Forestdale  Manufacturing  Co.,  Forestdale,  R.  1. 

CitOMPToN  Co.,  Crompton,  R.  L 

QuiDNiCK  Co.,  Arctic  and  Xatick,  R.  L,  and  Baltic,  Conn. 

QuiNEB.vuG  Co  ,  Danielsonville,  Conn. 

Wauregan  ^Iills,  Wauregan,  Conn. 

Grosvenoudale  Co.,  Grosvenordale,  Conn. 

Slater  Cotton  Co.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

L.  Briggs,  Son  &,  Co.,  Haydenville,  Mass. 

Groton  Co.,  Woon.socket,  R.  I. 

A.  D.  Smith  &  Co.,  Providence,  R.  L 

Naumkeag  Steam  Cotton  Co.,  Salem,  Mass. 

J.  F.  Slater,  -Jewett  City,  Conn. 

Arlington  Mii-ls,  Wilmington,  Del. 

Albion  Co.,  Albion,  R.  L  ' 


THE  WEEKS  BANDING  MACHINE. 


77 


THE  WEEKS  BANDING  MACHINE. 

This  valuable  machine  for  making  loop  bands  for  spinning  frames  is  shown 
in  the  illustration.    Its  chief  merits  are:  — 


I.  It  is  automatic  in  its  action,  changing  from  twisting  to  doubling,  ana 
stopping  itself  when  the  band  is  done.  Other  machines  require  to  be  stopped 
and  the  two  ends  transferred  to  one  hook  for  the  doubling,  both  the  stoppages 
being  usually  by  hand,  the  operator  having  some  gauge  mark  to  guide  him. 

II.  The  machines  can  be  set  so  as  to  give  almost  any  desired  amount  of 
twist,  making  a  hard  or  soft  band. 

III.  All  the  bands  will  be  absolutely  uniform  in  twist.  This  is  a  very  im- 
portant point,  because  the  variation  in  twist  in  bands  as  commonly  made  re- 


78 


THE  KILBURN  PATENT  THREAD  CONTRACTOR. 


suits  in  a  great  variation  in  their  tension  when  in  use,  and  consequently  in  the 
friction  of  the  spindles.  Uniformity  in  this  respect  is  very  greatly  to  be  de- 
sired. 

IV.  It  is  the  most  economical  machine  to  use,  in  every  respect.  Every 
party  can  make  bands  to  suit  himself  and  use  up  waste  yarn,  dresser  section 
beam  ends,  roving,  etc.  The  machine  can  be  run  by  a  boy,  and  its  capacity  is 
only  limited  by  the  ability  of  the  operator  to  supply  the  yarn  and  take  off  the 
finished  bands.  The  usual  speed  is  about  2.00U  revolutions  per  minute.  At 
one  mill  a  machine  is  run  at  2,500  revolutions  per  minute,  and  a  boy  at  two 
dollars  per  week  makes  1,500  bands  per  day. 

These  machines  are  in  use,  among  other  places,  at  the  — 

Lancaster  ^Iirxs,  Clinton,  Mass. 

AiTi.EToN  Co..  Lowell,  Mass. 

Hamilton  Manufactlring  Co.,  Lowell,  Mass. 

G'kosvexoi;dale  Co.,  Grosvenordale,  Conn. 

Canada  Manufacturing  Co.,  Cornwall,  Ont. 

North  Pownal  Manufacturing  Co.,  North  Pownal,  Vt. 

Social  Manufacturing  Co.,  Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Smithfield  Co.,  Keadville,  Mass. 

PocASSET  Manufacturing  Co.,  Fall  River,  Mass. 

LY3IAN  Mills,  Holyoke,  Mass. 

Manchester  Skills,  Manchester,  N.  H. 

Clinton  Manufacturing  Co.,  Woonsocket,  R.  1. 

White  Rock  Mills,  Westerly,  R.  I. 

Pontiac  Mills,  Pontiac,  R.  1. 

Hebron  Manufacturing  Co.,  Hebron,  Mass. 

Crompton  Manufacturing  Co.,  Crompton,  R.  I. 

Vale  Mills,  Nashua,  N.  H. 

Graniteville  Manufacturing  Co.,  Graniteville,  S.  C. 
WiLLiMANTic  Linen  Co..  Willimantic,  Conn. 
Fletcher  Manufacturing  Co.,  Providence,  R.  I. 
Amory  Manufacturing  Co.,  Manchester,  N.  H. 
Victoria  Mills,  Newburyport,  Mass. 


THE  KILBURX  PATENT  THREAD  CON- 
TRACTOR, 

Invented  by  Mr.  Edward  Kilburn,  Agent  of  the  Wamsutta  ^lills,  New  Bedford, 
Mass.,  when  applied  to  ring-spinning  frames  operates  to  so  confine  the  yarn  in 
its  passage  from  the  guide-wire  to  the  traveler  as  entirely  to  prevent  the  strik- 
ing together  of  adjoining  ends.  The  obvious  advantage  secured  by  this  device 
is,  that  speed  may  be  increased  or  the  weight  of  ti-aveler  decreased  to  a  de- 
gree which  would  be  impracticable  without  it,  except  on  frames  of  wider  gauge 
than  usual,  on  account  of  "whipping."  The  increase  of  speed  will  tend  to 
wind  a  harder  bobbin,  thus  securing  more  yarn  to  a  doff,  while  at  the  same 
time  a  lighter  traveler  may  be  used.  Again,  bv  using  a  lighter  traveler  the 
strain  upon  the  partly  twisted  yarn  between  the  guide-wire  and  the  rolls  is  re- 
duced, and  the  ends  run  with  much  less  breakage:  while  the  friction  of  the 
yam  passing  through  the  contractor  aids  in  winding  the  bobbin  as  hard  as,  or 
harder  than  before.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  we  advise  the  use  of  a  lighter  trav- 
eler, in  order  to  secure  the  full  advantages  of  this  contrivance. 

The  operation  of  the  contractor  is  so  plainly  indicated  by  the  cut  opposite 
that  little  explanation  is  necessary.  It  is  made  of  wire,  of  such  size  and  quality 
as  to  insure  suflBcient  stiffness,  and  secured  to  the  under  side  of  the  finger  board 
(as  shown  at  A)  in  such  manner  as  to  allow  a  slight  adjustment  in  any  direc- 
tion upon  loosening  the  screw.  In  piecing  up,  no  unusual  movement  is  nec- 
essary, as  the  yarn  naturally  runs  into  the  circle  at  B.  The  dotted  lines 
showing  the  path  of  the  thread  with  and  without  the  contractor  sufficiently 


THE  KILBURN  PATENT  THREAD  CONTRACTOR.' 


80 


THE  BUTCHER  LOOM  TEMPLES. 


indicate  the  niaiiner  in  which  it  operates  to  prevent  the  striking  of  ends.  At 
B  the  end  of  the  wire  is  turned  down  and  notched,  to  catch  and  break  the  end 
when  a  traveler  conies  off,  or  when  a  kink  is  formed  from  any  other  cause 
and  so  prevent  the  breaking  of  other  contiguous  ends. 

The  use  of  the  contractor  will  le  found  to  equalize  the  variation  in  tension 
of  the  yarn  which  occurs  from  empty  to  full  bohhin.  or  with  different  positions 
of  the  ring  rail,  inasmuch  as  when  the  traveler  draws  hardest  it  reduces  the 
friction  of  the  yarn  in  the  contractor,  and  when  the  traveler  draws  lighter  the 
}arn  throws  out  and  occasions  an  increase  of  friction  in  the  contractor. 

Reference  as  to  the  practical  working  of  this  device  may  be  made  to  the 
Wamsutta  or  Potomska  Mills,  New  Bedford,  5Iass.  More"  than  120,000  are 
in  use,  notwithstanding  the  recent  date  of  the  invention. 


BUTCHER'S   PATENT  POWER  LOOM 
TEMPLES. 


These  are  so  well  known  among  manufacturers  as  hardly  to  need  any  de- 
scription. In  operation  they  make  a  beautiful  selvedge,  leaving  the  cloth  a 
free  and  natural  back  and  forward  motion.  They  aie  convenient  for  weavers; 
require  no  power  to  operate  the  jaws;  hold  out  all  the  time,  and  do  not,  like 
the  jaw  temples,  let  go  when  the  strain  is  hardest  on  the  reed.  They  will 
recede  the  width  of  the  shuttle,  in  case  of  accident,  thereby  saving  many  shut- 
tles, reeds,  and  temples. 

The  above  illustration  shows  the  common  No.  3  temple,  with  Xo.  6  plate; 
and  also  the  two  forms  of  rolls  used  in  most  of  the  temples,  the  common  and 
Eureka.    The  latter  roll  is  also  used  in  the  hinge  temple,  hereafter  described. 

In  ordering  temples,  state  the  distance  from  breast-beam  to  front  of  lay 
when  farthest  forward  ;  width  of  race  board  ;  width  of  breast  beam,  and 
whether  of  iron  or  wood  ;  distance  of  race  board  below  level  of  top  of  breast 
beam,  if  any  ;  the  kind  of  goods  to  be  woven,  and  whether  there  is  a  great 
difTerence  in  thickness  of  same. 

The  Dutcher  Temples  can  be  applied  to  all  kinds  of  looms  and  all  classes  of 
weaving.  For  carpets  we  have  a  very  desiral  le  pattern  which  allows  the  filling 
threads  out  of  action  to  pass  down  unobstructed  in  direct  connection  with  the 
selvedge  ready  to  be  brought  into  operation  without  liability  of  entanglement. 

Butcher's  Patent  Hinge  'l  emple.  shown  on  the  opposite  page,  is  especially 
adapted  to  holding  heavy  and  fine  close  goods,  and  will  work  better  than  any 
other  temple  on  all  goods.    Its  greatest  virtue  is  its  reciprocating  motion 


82 


TEMPLES.  —  LET-OFF  3I0TI0NS. 


which  differs  from  and  is  far  better  than  anj-  other  in  its  mode  of  operation. 
Among  its  advantages  are:  — 

The  construction  of  the  working  parts  of  the  temple  wholly  under  the  cloth 
and  so  entirely  out  of  the  way  of  the  operative,  the  top  (C)  only  being  exposed 
to  a  blow  from  the  shuttle,  and  so  formed  as  not  to  be  easily  broken. 

The  head  so  arranged  as  to  be  adjusted  nearly  an  inch  to  meet  variations  in 
different  reeds,  and  so  save  chafing  the  selvedge  threads. 

It  can  be  moved  about  three  inches  sideways  (on  each  side)  to  accommodate 
it  to  different  widths  of  goods,  by  simply  loosening  the  bolts  which  fasten  it  to 
the  breast  beam. 

The  arrangement  for  holding  back  the  head  in  case  of  a  pick-out  is  simple 
and  effective. 

"We  will  send  blanks  indicating  the  measurements  which  it  is  necessary  to 
specify  in  ordering  hinge  temples,  upon  application.  Since  the  issue  of  our 
last  book,  these  temples  have  been  largely  introduced  in  some  of  the  leading 
mills,  and  are  pronounced  by  competent  judges  in  all  respects  the  best  }et 
invented. 

The  temple  burr,  or  roll,  as  shown  in  the  foregoing  cuts,  consisting  of  a 
wooden  roll  having  steel  teeth,  is  made  by  us  on  intricate  special  machinery, 
covered  by  several  patents.  Certain  parties  are  now  undertaking  to  make  and 
sell  similar  rolls,  the  manufacture  of  which  involves  the  use  of  tools  and  meth- 
ods included  by  our  patents;  and  the  Dutcher  Temple  Company  has  recently 
begun  suits  in  the  United  States  Circuit  Court  with  intent  to  put  an  end  to 
such  hifringement. 

"We  desire  to  i;otify  manufacturers  using  spriii^  temples  that  we  have  re- 
cently purchased  Arnold's  patent  for  restraining  the  heads  of  such  temples 
from  too  much  forward  motion  in  reciprocating,  and  for  adjusting  the  position 
of  the  heads  with  reference  to  the  reed.  'Jhis  improven:ent  is  indispensable 
in  this  class  of  temples,  and  can  hereafter  be  used  only  with  temples  of  our 
manufacture. 


LET-OFF  MOTIONS  FOR  LOOMS. 

There  are  now  but  few  practical  weavers  who  do  not  prefer  looms  provided 
with  a  good  let-off  motion.  Experience  tells  them  that  cloth  woven  on  such 
will  vary  less  in  width  and  be  more  uniform  in  texture  and  appearance  than 
that  made  where  a  friction  is  used  to  give  out  the  yarn.  Having  no  ropes 
or  weights  to  adjust,  the  looms  will  be  more  easily  operated,  and  less  time 
will  be  required  to  change  warps. 

We  own  or  control  all  the  most  approved  let-off  motions  in  use,  among 
which  are:  — 

The  Double-Bkam  Let-off  for  Bkoad  Looms,  the  only  motion  that 
will  keep  an  even  tension  upon  two  bean  s  at  the  same  time. 

Draper's  Thick  and  Thi>-  Place  Preventer,  when  applied  to  this 
or  to  the  Banlett  let-off  motion,  is  the  most  effective  arrangement  for  pre- 
vention of  those  unsightly  blemishes  known  as  thick  and  thin  stripes.  "We 
think  this  combination  the  best  let-off  and  take  up  mechanism  for  all  kinds 
of  goods. 

The  Youxg  Escapeme^sT  is  being  extensively  adopted.  It  is  especially 
adapted  to  common  prints  and  other  light  goods.  Looms  with  this  motion 
will  not  make  a  smash  if  the  shuttle  stops  in  the  shed  and  the  loom  does 
not  protect. 

"When  the  escapement  motions  are  arranged  to  hold  at  the  beat,  as  pat- 
ented in  various  forms  by  George  Drapei',  the  heaviest  goods  may  be  woven 
successfully, 

Kouse's  Let-Back  Motion  is  a  cheap  and  effective  device  for  prevent- 
ing thick  and  thin  stripes.  It  operates  by  unwinding  the  cloth  when  the 
filling  gives  out  and  may  be  ajtplied  either  with  our  let-off  motions  or  a 
common  friction. 


PATENT  PROTECTOR  FOR  LOOMS.  83 

PATENT  PROTECTOR  FOR  LOOMS. 


This  applies  more  particularly  to  looms  built  within  the  past  ten  years  by 
Wm.  Mason,  and  others  of  similar  construction.  The  part  shown  is  in  nearly 
the  usual  form,  with  the  exception  of  the  movable  steel  piece,  A.  The  im- 
provement consists  in  substituting  that  for  a  projection  upward  of  cast  iron 
for  the  dagger  of  a  loom  to  strike  against  when  the  shuttle  does  not  enter  the 
box  at  the  proper  time.  The  brake  rod  is  attached  at  C,  and  at  D  a  finger  is 
fastened  on  that  projects  forward  to  disengage  the  shipper-handle.  In  prac- 
tical use  the  cast  iron  projection  is  usually  about  five  sixteenths  of  an  uich 
high,  and,  being  stationary,  the  dagger  soon  rounds  off  the  corner  and  renders 
the  loom  lial)le  to  make  a  smash,  as  it  is  termed,  i.  e.,  break  out  the  warp,  and 
sometimes  the  shuttles,  temples,  and  reeds. 

With  the  improved  protector,  the  piece  of  steel  receives  the  blow  of  the 
dagger,  and  it  is  so  formed  and  placed  that  the  instant  the  dagger  touches  it, 
it  riles  up  in  its  way  about  three  sixteenths  of  an  inch.  This  makes  it  abso- 
lutely sure  to  protect,  if  the  dagger  touches  the  steel.  In  consequence  of  its 
rising  up  it  is  not  necessary  to  have  it  project  above  the  bed  more  than  one 
eighth  of  an  inch  at  the  most.  This  is  really  a  very  important  matter  in 
running  a  loom,  because  the  binder  does  not  need  to  project  in  the  box  one 
half  as^much  to  hinder  the  shuttle  or  turn  it  out  of  its  course.  A  loom  with 
the  improved  protector  will  not  stop  one  fourth  as  often  unless  it  needs  to 
stop,  nor  make  one  fourth  as  many  smashes  ;  besides  it  is  kept  in  repair 
at  much  less  expense,  as  the  hardened  steel  pieces,  made  in  this  form,  do  not 
give  out,  while  the  ordinary  cast  iron  ones  are  a  constant  source  of  trouble 
and  expense.  • 


PATENT  SHUTTLE  GUIDES. 

For  many  years  we  have  sold  shuttle  guides  among  manufacturei'S  and  their 
use  has  become  almost  universal.  The  increased  speed  at  which  looms  are 
now  run  makes  it  both  unsafe  and  expensive  to  do  without  them,  as  they  save 
weavers  from  personal  injury,  besides  preventing  damage  to  warps,  reeds,  shut- 
tles, and  temples  to  an  amount  far  exceeding  their  cost.  In  ordering,  give 
thickness  of  hand  rail  and  distance  between  swords. 


84 


SHUTTLE  MOTIONS  — 


CUT  MARKERS. 


STEARNS'S  PATENT  SHUTTLE  MOTION. 


if 


The  accompanying  cut  is  a  good  representation  of  the  Stearns  motion,  ex- 
cept that  the  staff  A  is  not  shown  the 
full  length. 

B  is  the  rocker,  with  a  hole  through 
the  top  for  a  guide,  which  extends  up- 
ward from  C. 

C  is  the  bed -piece  which  is  usually 
slipped  on  to  the  rod  which  sustains  the 
bottom  of  the  lay,  and  fastened  with  the 
set  screw,  as  shown  in  the  cut. 

E  is  a  piece  of  cast  iron,  passing  down 
between  the  shaft  and  the  rocker;  it 
passes  through  the  bed-piece,  C,  also,  as 
shown  in  the  cut:  it  is  curved  forward 
at  the  bottom,  which  prevents  its  rising. 
By  means  of  this,  and  the  set  screw,  F, 
the  point  at  which  the  shuttle  strikes  may 
be  adjusted  at  will. 

D  shows  the  pulley  and  the  sprinor, 
and  G  the  strap  which  serves  to  connect 
the  pulley  and  the  staff. 

We  consider  this  the  best  shuttle 
motion  in  use.  It  has  been  applied  in 
many  of  the  largest  establishments  in 
the  country,  and  has  been  found  to  be  of ; 
very  great  advantage,  especially  to  looms 
running  at  high  rate  of  speed.  As  now 
constructed,  it  requires  no  oil,  and  does 
not  easily  get  out  of  order. 

We  are  prepared  to  apply  this  motion  to  any  pattern  of  single  shuttle-box 
loom  now  in  use. 


DAMON'S  PATENT  CUT  MARKER, 
FOR  SLASHERS. 

The  old  marker,  by  printing  on  the  dry  yarn  and  winding  on  the  beajn 
while  wet,  often  colored  several  layers  and  practically  made  a  number  of  marks 
instead  of  one;  warp  in  this  condition  was  readily  tampered  with  in  the  weave 
room,  and  the  common  result  was  a  great  lack  of  uniformity  in  the  length  of 
cuts. 

The  improved  marker  prints  on  the  wet  yarn  in  the  rear  of  the  drying 
cylinders;  the  mark  is  therefore  dried  in  with  the  sizing  so  that  it  will  neither 
rub  off  nor  stain  other  layers  on  the  beam.  It  produces  a  neat  and  well  de- 
fined mark,  leaving  the  weaver  no  excuse  for  short  cuts.  From  reports  re- 
ceived concerning  the  advantages  of  the  Damon  marker,  we  are  satisfied  that 
it  is  worth  many  times  its  cost. 


WADE  S  PATENT  BOBBIN  HOLDER. 


85 


WADE'S   PATENT  BOBBIN  HOLDER  FOR 
SPOOLERS. 

Of  all  the  improvements  in  machinery  with  which  we  have  had  to  do,  this 
is  one  of  the  most  widely  adopted  and  appreciated. 

In  the  common  form  of  spooler,  the  quill  is  placed  upon  a  spindle  with 
two  bearings,  which  must  be  nicely  adjusted  and  kept  carefully  lubricated,  as 
the  operation  depends  wholly  upon  the  strength  of  the  yarn  to  turn  the  spin- 
dles, often  at  a  speed  equal  to  that  of  the  spinning  frame.  The  unsteady 
motion,  together  with  the  constant  change  and  frequent  wrenching  of  bob- 
bins from  the  spindle,  tends  both  to  injure  the  bearing  surfaces  of  the  former 


and  bend  the  latter.  As  successful  spinning  depends  largely  upon  the  bob- 
bins running  true,  if  their  bearing  surfaces  become  defective  and  they  are  not 
at  once  laid  aside,  inferior  work  will  be  produced  and  additional  power  re- 
quired. 

Large  numbers  of  the  Wade  Holders  have  been  put  in  operation,  and,  as 
far  as  we  know,  are  giving  universal  satisfaction.  Among  its  many  advan- 
tages  we  call  attention  to  the  following:  — 

Requiring  no  oil,  it  saves  this  expense  with  the  attendant  labor  and  special 
care  of  spindles,  bolsters,  and  steps. 

It  prevents  all  liability  of  staining  the  yarn  by  oil  thrown  from  the  spin- 
dle. 

Keeping  a  constant  strain  upon  the  thread  while  in  motion,  it  cannot 
kink. 


86 


THE  LAFLIN  THREAD  GUIDE. 


The  change  in  tlie  angle  of  the  sides  as  the  bobbin  is  reduced  in  diameter 
helps  counterbalance  the  effect  of  increased  speed  and  gives  a  more  uniform 
tension.  When  we  consider  the  difference  in  strain  on  the  thread  in  turning 
the  spindle  when  the  point  of  drauglit  is  from  tlie  snrfi^ce  of  a  full  bobbin 
and  when  nearly  empty,  adding  to  the  latter  the  effect  of  increased  speed 
required  to  deliver  the  same  amount  of  yarn  from  a  surface  reduced  more 
than  half,  it  is  easy  to  account  for  the  common  remark  among  spooler  ten- 
ders using  these  holders,  that  the  "  bobbins  run  oft' cleaner." 

More  yarn  can  be  spooled  per  spindle,  with  less  knots  and  at  a  lar^e  sav- 
ing in  labor,  as  with  the  bobbin  holder  the  spooler  can  be  run  at  a  higher 
speed. 

The  friction  of  the  sides  loosens  and  throws  off  superficial  substances,  giv- 
ing the  yarn  a  much  cleaner  appearance. 

The  bobbin  holder  never  injures  the  bobbins  internally:  the  spindle  does, 
materially.    The  bobbin  holder  never  wears  out;  the  spindle  does. 

It  can  be  applied  to  any  pattern  of  upright  spooler,  being  specially  adapted 
to  quill  bobbins  where  the  ordinary  wind  is  used  —  from  long  to  short  — 
although  some  parties  have  used  them  in  spooling  from  headed  bobbins. 
Those  M  inding  from  short  to  long  would  do  well  to  change  in  order  to  reap 
the  benefit  derived  from  its  use. 


LAFLTN  THREAD  GUIDE  FOR  SPOOLERS. 


1^ 

This  invention  has  met  with  much  favor,  and  large  numbers  have  been 
sold.  It  is  now  made  in  the  form  wtW  shown  above.  The  yarn  enters 
between  the  blades  about  opposite  13,  and  runs  over  a  haidened  steel  stud 


THE  HOPED ADE  MACHINE  CO.'S  SPECIALTIES. 


87 


which  holds  the  blades  togeth- 
er. By  means  of  the  nut  on 
the  end  of  this  stud  at  A,  the 
distance  between  the  blades 
may  be  easily  regulated  with 
a  key,  to  suit  the  size  of  the 
yarn.  As  the  traverse  causes 
the  yarn  to  continually  change 
its  position  between  the  blades, 
the  latter  do  not  wear  mate- 
rially. An  idea  of  the  interior 
construction  is  afTorded  by  the 
annexed  outlines.  The  yarn 
cannot  jump  from  the  guide 
and  wind  on  the  spindle;  and 
the  difRculty  of  removing  the 
yarn  without  breaking  practi- 
cally prevents  the  passage  of 
objectionable  bunches.  By  re- 
placing worn  studs,  at  a  tri- 
fling cost,  the  guide  will  last 
as  long  as  the  spooler,  with 
fair  usage,  and  will  produce 
better  work  both  at  the  warper  and  the  loom. 

The  Hopedale's  Machine  Company's  spoolers  are  furnished  with  this  guide. 
Its  price  has  lately  been  much  reduced. 


THE  HOPEDALE  MACHINE  CO.'S  SPOOL- 
ERS, REELS,  WARPERS,  AND  TWISTERS. 

The  illustration  on  the  following  page  represents  one  of  the  Hopedale  Ma- 
chine Company's  improved  spoolers.  It  has  an  iron  frame  throughout,  a 
feature  which  was  original  witli  us,  but  which  has  since  been  copied  by  other 
leading  shops.  It  also  has  our  positive  traverse  motion;  the  Sawyer  prin- 
ciple applied  to  the  bolsters  of  its  spindles  (an  advantage  to  be  had  with  no 
other  machine);  and  the  best  spindle  step  made.  It  has  the  Laflin  Guide 
and  the  Wade  Bobbin  Holder,  heretofore  described;  the  bobbin  holder  being 
mounted  on  a  round  red,  as  patented  by  us,  making  it  much  less  liable  to 
displacement  and  more  easily  adjustable  than  on  a  flat  rail.  And  in  addition 
to  all  these  desirable  features,  it  has  symmetry,  strength,  good  workmanship, 
and  durability.  Great  numbers  of  these  machines  are  in  use,  giving  perfect 
satisfaction.  No  other  parties  can  build  spoolers  combining  so  many  valu- 
able improvements. 

The  driving  pulleys  are  made  with  2  inches  face,  and  either  9  or  12  inches 
diameter.  Width,  outside  of  boxes,  4  feet.  For  length  of  machine,  add  20 
inches  to  distance  from  centre  to  centre  cf  end  spindles.  This  distance  is 
easily  computed,  when  the  number  of  spindles  and  the  gauire  or  distance  be- 
tween spindles  are  known.  For  spools  having  heads  of  3^,  4,  and  5  inches 
diameter,  respectively,  the  corresponding  spaces  between  spindles  would  be 
4^,  4|,  and  5|  inches. 

We  recommend  for  coarse  yarns,  say  up  to  No.  11,  a  G-inch  traverse,  and  a 
spool  with  5-inch  heads;  from  ll's  to  20's,  the  same  size  of  head,  and  a  5-inch 
traverse;  20's  to  30's,  a  spool  with  4-inch  head,  and  a  traverse  of  5  inches; 
and  for  30's  to  50's,  a  spool  with  3-|-inch  head,  and  a  traverse  of  4-^  inches. 

For  convenience  of  reference  we  present  a  table  shewing  the  performance 
of  our  spoolers  with  different  speeds  and  nuniLers.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  their 
actual  product  in  some  of  the  best  mills  is  considerably  in  excess  of  that 
shown  by  the  table,  but  we  have  put  the  figures  down  to  conform  to  the 
average  accomplished  with  ordinary  circumstances  of  speed  and  traverse.  (See 
page  89  ) 


THE  HOPEDALE  MACHINE  CO.'S  SPOOLERS.  89 


TABLE 


Showing  the  number  of  pounds  per  spindle  Fpooled  in  60  hours  on  the  Hopedale 
Machine  Co.'s  Spoolers,  vith  different  speeds  and  numbers  of  yarn. 
(See  Explanation,  page  87.) 


No.  of 
Yarn . 

Eevolutions  per  minute  of  the 

No.  of  Sawyer 
(spiuning)  !-pin- 
dle.s  to  1  spooler 

spiudlCj  with 
the  latter  at  825 
revolutions  per 
minute. 

Cylinder,  200. 
Spindle,  750. 

Cylinder,  220. 
Spindle,  825. 

Cylinder,  240. 
Spindle,  900. 

8 

64.3 

70.7 

77.1 

13 

10 

51.4 

56.6 

61.7 

12 

42.9 

47.1 

51.4 

14 

14 

36.7 

40.4 

44.1 

16 

32.1 

35.3 

38.6 

15 

18 

28.6 

31.4 

34.3 

20 

25.7 

28.3 

30.9 

16 

22 

23.4 

25.7 

28.1 

24 

21.4 

23.6 

25.7 

17 

26 

19.8 

21.8 

23.7 

28 

18.4 

20.2 

22.0 

29 

17.7 

19.5 

21.3 

18 

30 

17.1 

18.9 

20.6 

32 

16.1 

17.7 

19.3 

34 

15.1 

1G.6 

18.1 

19 

36 

14.3 

15.7 

17.1 

38 

13.5 

14.9 

16.2 

20 

40 

12.9 

14.1 

15.4 

44 

11.7 

12.9 

14.0 

21 

50 

10.3 

11.3 

12.3 

I'he  illustration  on  pjige  90,  follcwiiiff,  gives  a  gcod  view  of  our  skein 
spooler,  and  renders  an  exfjnded  description  uimece^fary.  It  includes  se^eral 
or  the  best  features  of  the  lolibin  spooler,  and  is  a  first-class  machine  in  all 
respects.  On  the  next  page  (91)  is  another  illusi ration  showing  one  of  cur 
reels.  These  last  two  machines  we  have  but  recently  introduced,  but  so  far 
as  we  learn  they  are  doing  well.  Those  in  need  of  an} thing  of  the  kind 
will  find  it  profitable  to  correspond  with  us  on  the  subject,  as  we  apply  all 
valuable  and  practical  modifications  to  our  machines  whenever  they  can  be 
had,  makiijg  it  our  study  to  keep  in  the  front  rank. 

The  fact  that  we  limit  our  productions,  building  only  such  machines  as  are 
needed  in  spooling,  warping,  and  twisting,  enables  us  to  give  such  attention  to 
details  as  would  be  impossible  should  we  attempt  to  furnish  the  great  variety 
of  machines  made  by  many  of  the  large  shops  of  the  country.  In  calling  re- 
newed attention  to  our  improvements  in  spooling  and  warping,  we  point  with 
pleasure  to  the  vtry  large  nunilier  of  our  machines  in  use,  and  to  the  fact  that 
the  cheapest  warping  and  spooling  in  the  country  is  done  on  them. 


THE  HOPED  ALE  MACHINE  CO.'S  SPOOLER. 


92 


THE  HOPED  ALE  MACHINE  CO.'S  WARPERS. 


WARPERS. 

^  From  the  first  oi,r  warpers  have  steadily  gained  in  the  public  esteem,  as  our 
increasing  sales  sufficiently  indicate.  AVe  have  sold,  up  to  1881,  some  1,300 
machines,  ^^e  incorporate  in  them  all  valuable  improvements,  and  several 
ot  tJie  most  valuable  are  held  exclusively  by  us. 

The  cut  below  represents  our  latest  pattern  of  warper,  which  includes, 
among  other  excellent  points,  —  ' 


1st.  The  slow- starting  motion,  by  means  of  which  all  the  threads  are 
brought  to  an  even  tension  before  the  machine  comes  to  fuU  speed,  thus  sav- 
ing much  strain  and  breakage  of  yarn. 

2d.  The  ^^ilmsley  stop'^niotion,  which  is  the  most  positive  known,  is 
lightest  on  the  yarn,  and  with  which  the  warper  cannot  be  run  with  threads 
out.    This  is  the  only  adjustable  stop  motion  in  use  that  has  this  feature. 

3d.  The  rising  roll  for  taking  up  the  slack  thread,  bv  which  one  knot  can 
be  saved  every  tune  a  broken  end  is  to  be  pieced  up,  and  which  keeps  the  varn 
up  instead  of  letting  it  down  into  the  dirt  under  the  machine.  (We  "also 
build  drop  roll  machines,  but  do  not  advise  their  use.) 


TABLES  OF  PRODUCTION. 


93 


We  apply  to  our  creels  glass  steps  when  so  ordered.  For  fine  n  nbers 
we  especially  recommend  tliem. 

One  of  our  warpers  occupies  a  space  7  feet  by  3  feet  6  inches.  Creels 
vary  somewhat  in  size  and  position.  A  V  creel  for  400  spools  occupies  8x8 
feet;  with  the  warper,  about  8  X  13  feet  would  be  required.  Tlie  pulleys 
are  10  inches  diameter  and  2  inclies  face,  but  require  a  driving  pulley  of  6 
inches  face.  The  gearing  requires  the  speed  of  pulleys  to  be  a  little  under  5.^ 
times  the  desired  speed  of  cylinder. 

Our  beams  ai-e  54  inches  between  heads,  with  9-inch  barrel.  For  yarns 
up  to  12's  we  recommend  a  beam  witli  2G-inch  heads;  from  12's  to  30's,  21- 
inch  heads;  30's  to  40's,  22-inch  heads;  and  for  numbers  finer  than  40's, 
21-inch  heads. 

The  following  tabular  statements  will  be  found  very  nearly  correct,  and 
handy  for  reference  in  this  connection. 

Weight  of  yarn  on  a  spool  with  barrel  1^  inches  in  diameter:  — 

With  5-inch  head,  G-inch  traverse,  1.9  lbs. 
u    5     a       u      5     u         u         i.G  u 

"  4  "  "5  "  "  1.0  " 
u    3L  a      a     4|  u        u        0.7  - 

Weight  of  yarn  on  a  beam,  54  inches  between  heads,  and  with  a  9-inch  bar- 
rel:— 

With  26 -inch  heads,  420  lbs. 
"    24    "        "  350 
"    22    "        «'     285  " 
»    21    "       "     255  " 

We  also  present  for  reference  the  following  tables  showing  the  number  of 
pounds  per  week  of  sixty  hours  warped  on  a  Hopedale  Machine  Company's 
Slasher  Warper,  at  different  speeds  of  cylinder  and  for  different  numbers  of 
6nds  and  sizes  of  yarn.  In  these  tables  the  actual  amount  warped  is  assumed 
to  be  two  thirds  of  the  theoretical  amount. 


WARPER  TABLES. 

I.    REVOLUTIONS  PEIl  MINUTE  OF  CYLINDER  =  30. 


No. 
of 
Yara. 

Pounds  Warped  in  Sixxr  Hours.   Number  of 

Ends  = 

260 

300 

320 

340 

360 

380 

410 

440 

8 

4,179 

4,821 

5,143 

5,465 

5,786 

6,107 

6,589 

7,071 

10 

3,343 

3,857 

4,114 

4,372 

4,629 

4,88G 

5,271 

5,657 

12 

2,786 

3,214 

3,429 

3,643 

3,857 

4,071 

4,393 

4,714 

14 

2,388 

2,755 

2,939 

3,123 

3,306 

3,490 

3,765 

4,041 

16 

2,089 

2,411 

2,571 

2,733 

2,893 

3,053 

3.295 

3,535 
3,143 

18 

1,857 

2,143 

2,285 

2,429 

2,571 

2,714 

2,929 

20 

1,671 

1,928 

2,055 

2.186 

2,314 
2,104 

2,443 

2,636 

2,829 

22 

1,519 

1,753 

1,870 

1,987 

2,221 

2,396 

2,571 

24 

1,393 

1,607 

1,714 

1,821 

1,929 

2,0:56 

2,197 

2,357 

26 

1,286 

1,483 

1,582 

1,681 

1,780 

1,879 

2,027 

2,176 
2,02L 

28 

1,194 

1,377 

1,469 

i;561 

1,653 

1,745 

1,883 
1,818 

29 

1,152 

1,330 

1,418 

1,507 

1,596 

1,685 

1,950 

30 

1,114 

1,285 

1,371 

1,457 

1,543 

1,629 

1,757 

1,885 

32 

1,044 

1,205 

1,285 

],346 

1,447 

1,527 

1,647 

1,768 

34 

983 

1,135 

1,210 

1,286 

1,361 

1,437 

1,551 

1,664 

36 

929 

1,071 

1,143 

1,214 

1,286 

1,357 

1,464 

1,571 

38 

880 

1,015 

1,083 

1,150 

1,218 

1,285 

1,387 

1,489 

40 

836 

964 

1,029 

1,093 

1,157 

1,221 

1,318 

1,414 

44 

760 

877 

935 

993 

1,051 

1,110 

1,198 

1,286 

60 

669 

771 

823 

874 

926 

977 

1,054 

1,131 

94 


WARPERS— TABLES  OF  PRODUCTION. 


WARPER  TABLES.- (Contivued.) 


IT.   REVOLUTIONS  PER  MINUTE  OF  CYLINDER  =:  33. 


No. 
of 
Yarn. 

Pounds  Warped  in  Sixty  IIours.    Number  of  Exds^t 

260 

300 

320 

340 

360 

380 



410 

440 

8 

4,597 

5.303 

5,657 

6.011 

6,365 

6,718 

7,248 

7,773 

10 

3,677 

4,243 

4,525 

4,809 

5,091 

5,375 

5.799 

6.223 

12 

3,065 

3,535 

3,771 

4.007 

4,243 

4,479 

4,832 

5.185 

14 

2,627 

3,030 

3,233 

3.435 

3,637 

3,839 

4,142 

4,445 

16 

2,298 

2,652 

2,829 

3,006 

3.182 

3,359 

3,624 

3,889 

18 

2,043 

2,357 

2,514 

2,671 

2,829 

2.985 

3,221 

3,457 

20 

1,839 

2,121 

2,263 

2,405 

2.546 

'  2.687 

2.899 

3.111 

22 

1,671 

1,929 

2,057 

2,186 

2,315 

2.443 

2,635 

2,829 

24 

1,532 

1,768 

1,885 

2,003 

2.121 

2,239 

2.416 

2,587 

26 

1,415 

1,631 

1,740 

1,849 

1,958 

2.067 

2,230 

2^393 

28 

1   01  Q 
J  ,  O  J  O 

J,OlO 

1  fti  ft 
l.bib 

1  T1  7 
1,1  H 

1,81» 

3.939 

29 

1,268 

3,463 

i;560 

1.658 

3,755 

3.853 

2,000 

2,146 

30 

1,225 

1,414 

1.509 

1.603 

1,697 

1.791 

1,933 

2,074 

32 

1,149 

1,326 

•3,414 

3.503 

1,591 

1,679 

1,812 

1,945 

34 

1,081 

J.  248 

1.331 

3,415 

1,497 

1.581 

1,706 

1,831 

36 

1,021 

968 

1,179 

1,257 

1.335 

1,415 

1.493 

1,611 

1,729 

38 

1.117 

1.191 

1.265 

1.340 

1.414 

1.526 

1,637 

40 

919 

1.061 

1,131 

1.202 

1.273 

3,34:3 

1,450 

1,555 

44 

836 

964 

1,029 

1,093 

1,157 

3.221 

1,318 

1,415 

50 

735 

849 

905 

961 

1.019 

3,075 

1,159 

1,245 

WARPER  TABLES  —  {Conti'nuetl.) 

III.    REVOLUTIONS  PER  MINUTE  OF  CYLINDER  =  33. 


PouxDS  Warped  in  Sixty  IIodrs.    Number  of  Ends  = 


farn. 

260 

300 

320 

340 

360 

380 

410 

440 

8 

5,015 

5,785 

6.171 

6,557 

6,943 

7,329 

7,907 

8,485 

10 

4,011 

4,629 

4;937 

5,246 

5,555 

5,863 

6,325 

6,789 

12 

3,343 

3,857 

4,181 

4,372 

4.629 

4.885 

5,271 

5,657 

14 

2,865 

3.305 

3,527 

3,747 

3,967 

4.188 

4,519 

4,849 

16 

2,507 

2.893 

3,085 

3,279 

3,471 

3,664 

3,953 

4,243 

18 

2,229 

2,571 

2  743 

2,915 

3,085 

3,257 

3,515 
3,163 

3,771 

20 

2,005 

2,315 

2,468 

2.623 

2,777 

2,931 

3.395 

22 

1,823 

2.104 

2,244 

2,385 

2.525 

2,665 

2,875 

3: 085 

24 

1,671 

1,925 

2,057 

2,185 

2,315 

2,443 

2,636 

2.829 

26 

1,543 

1,780 

1,899 

2,017 

2,136 

2,255 

2,433 

2,611 

28 

1,433 

1,653 

1,763 

1,873 

3,983 

2,094 

2,2.59 

2,425 

29 

1,383 

1,596 

1,703 

1,809 

1.915 

2,021 

2,181 

2.341 

30 

1,337 

1,543 

1,645 

1,749 

1,851 

1,955 

2,109 

2,263 

32 

1,253 

1,447 

1,543 

3,639 

1,736 

1,832 

1,977 

2.121 

34 

1,180 

1,361 

1,452 

3,543 

1,633 

1,725 

1,861 

1,997 

36 

1,115 

1,285 

1,371 

1,457 

1,543 

1,629 

1,757 

1,885 

38 

1,056 

1,239 

1,299 

1,380 

1,461 

1,543 

1,665 

1.787 

40 

1,003 

1,157 

1,235 

1,311 

1.389 

1,465 

1,581 

1,097 

44 

912 

1,052 

1,123 

1,192 

1,262 

1,332 

1,437 

1,543 

50 

806 

925 

987 

3,049 

1,111 

1,171 

1,265 

1,357 

THE  HOPED  ALE  MACHINE  CO.'S  TWISTERS. 


95 


WARPER  TABLES.—  (Concluded.) 

IV.    REVOLUTIONS  PER  MINUTE  OF  CYLINDER  =  40. 


No. 
of 
Yarn. 

Pounds  Warped  in  Sixty  Hours.   Number  of  Ends 



260 

300 

320 

340 

360 

380 

410 

440 

o 
O 

5,571 

6,428 

6,857 

7,286 

7,715 

8,143 

8,785 

9,428 

10 

4,457 

5,142 

5,485 

5.828 

6.171 

6,515 

7,028 

7,543 

1  o 

3,715 

4,285 

4,571 

4.857 

5, 1 43 

'5,428 

5,857 

6,285 

14 

3,184 

3,673 

3,918 

4,163 

4,408 

4.653 

5,020 

5,387 

Id 

2,785 

3.214 

3,428 

3,043 

3,857 

4,071 

4,393 

4,713 

1  Q 

lO 

2,476 

2,857 

3,047 

3,238 

3,428 

3,619 

3,905 

4,190 

20 

2,228 

2,571 

2,742 

2,915 

3,086 

3,257 

3,515 

3.771 

oo 
11 

2,025 

2,337 

2,493 

2.649 

2.805 

2,961 

3,195 

3,428 

1,857 

2,143 

2,285 

2,428 

2,571 

2,715 

2,929 
2,703 

3,143 

Jo 

1.715 

1,977 

2, 109 

2,241 

2,373 

2,505 

2,901 

£6 

1,592 

1,836 

1,959 

2,081 

2,203 

2,326 

2,510 

2,694 

29 

1,537 

1,773 

1,891 

2,009 

2,128 

2,246 

2,424 

2,600 

30 

1,485 

1,713 

1.828 

1,943 

2,057 

2,171 

2,343 

2,513 

32 

1,393 

1,607 

1^713 

1.821 

1,929 

2,035 

2,196 

2,357 

34 

1,311 

1,513 

1,613 

1,715 

3,815 

3,916 

2,067 

2,219 

36 

1,238 

1,428 

1,523 

1,619 

3,714 

1,809 

1,952 

2,095 

38 

1,173 

1,353 

1,443 

1,533 

1,624 

1,713 

1,849 

1,985 

40 

1,115 

1,285 

1,371 

1,457 

1,543 

3,628 

1,757 

1,885 

44 

1,013 

1,169 

1,247 

3,324 

3,403 

1,480 

1,597 

1,715 

50 

892 

1,028 

1,097 

1,165 

1,235 

3,303 

3,405 

1,508 

TWISTERS. 

The  Hopedale  Machine  Company  is  the  only  concern  building  Sawyer  and 
Kabbeth  Spindle  Twisters.  Manufacturers  do  not  need  to  be  told  that  the 
same  mechanical  features  which  place  the  Sawyer  so  high  among  ring-spiu- 
ning  structures  are  equally  applicable  to  a  twisting  sjiindle  and  operate  in 
the  same  way,  giving  all  the  advantages  had  in  spinning,  —  allowing  it  to 
be  run  at  higher  speeds,  with  greater  steadiness,  and  a  less  expenditure  of 
power;  also  reducing,  of  course,  the  cost  of  production.  Very  much  of  what 
has  been  said  in  the  preceding  pages  concerning  the  Sawyer  and  New  Rabbeth 
Spindles  for  spinning  is  directly  and  equally  applicable  to  our  twister  spindles 
in  which  the  same  principles  are  embodied.  That  they  will  accon)plish  all 
that  we  claim  for  them  has  been  fully  and  repeatedly  demonstrated  by  the  test 
of  actual  use. 

Summed  up  as  briefly  as  possible,  the  advantages  of  these  twisters  over  any 
and  all  others  will  be  found  to  be,  — 

1st.  The  Sawyer  or  New  Kabbeth  principle. 

2d.  Adjustable  rings  on  all,  and  the  Double  Adjustable  Rings  for  the  small 
sizes,  for  dry  twisting. 

3d.  A  great  saving  in  power,  and 

4th.  Largely  increased  capacity,  on  account  of  the  improved  spindles. 
5th.  A  reduced  cost  for  attendance. 

The  following  are  useful  details  concerning  these  machines  :  Width,  39 
inches;  for  length,  add  2  feet  to  the  distance  between  end  spindles,  which 
may  be  computed  from  the  number  of  spindles  and  gauge.  The  gauge  (or 
distance  between  spindles)  is  usually  one  inch  more  than  the  diameter  of  the 
ring.    The  pulleys  are  2  inches  face,  and  run  by  half  inches  from  8  to  14 


96 


THE  HOPEDALE  MACHINE  CO: S  TWISTERS. 


inches  in  diameter.  The  (computed)  weight  of  yarn  which  the  various 
bins  or  spools  will  hold  is  as  follows  :  — 


bob- 


^ 
If 

2i 


4i 


inch  b: 


rel, 


inch  trav( 


0.07  11) 

O.U  " 

0.17  » 

0.33  " 

O.OD  " 

0.80  " 

1.20  " 


The  above  illustration  will  serve  to  cjive  a  general  idea  of  the  build  and 
appearance  of  one  of  these  twisters.  The  one  on  the  following  page  gives  a 
sectional  view,  on  a  reduced  scale,  of  our  No.  2  Sawyer  Twister  Spindle,  and 
shows  the  details  of  construotion.  The  SawA^er  principle  has  become  so  well 
known  on  spinning  frames  that  it  hardly  needs  explanation,  but  it  is  applied 
somewhat  differently  on  the  twister,  as  shown  in  the  cut.  As  a  straight-bore 
headed  bobbin  is  generally  used  on  twisters,  we  have,  to  support  it,  attached 
to  the  upper  part  of  the  spindle  a  shell  which  runs  outside  the  long  bolster, 
but  does  not  come  in  contact  therewith.    The  shell  is  enlarged  at  its  base  (B) 


THE  SAWYER   TWISTER  SPINDLE. 


97 


THE  NEW  RABBETH  SPINDLE 
FOR  TWISTING. 

Since  tlie  invention  of  the  New  Rabbeth 
Spindle,  we  have  adapted  it  for  light 
twisting  in  the  form  shown  by  the  cut 
on  the  next  page,  and  are  now  prepared 
to  build  twisters  with  such  spindles.  One 
of  its  most  conspicuous  advantages  is,  as 
stated  with  regard  to  the  spinning  spindle, 
its  capacity  for  running  without  gyration 
or  jar  at  a  very  high  speed.  As  at  present 
advised,  however,  we  do  not  reconunend 
its  use  in  any  case  where  a  traverse  longer 
than  five  inches,  or  a  ring  larger  than 
inches  in  diameter,  are  necessary 
already  in  operation  on  fine  work  are,  we 
understand,  doing  extremely  well. 

We  solicit  correspondence  on  this  and 
kindred  subjects,  and  shall  be  glad  to  give 
any  information  desired  which  is  not  af- 
forded by  the  data  given  in  this  book. 

TWIST  TABLES  FOR  TWISTED 
YARNS. 


i 


and  forms  a  surface  on  which  the  bottom  of  the  bobbin  rests,  and  in  which 
are  driving  pins  by  which  the  bobbin  may 
be  driven  positively.  It  is  fitted  to  the 
spindle  by  a  tapering  fit  at  the  top  as 
shown  at  A.  The  bolster  is  lubricated 
in  the  same  way  as  in  the  spinning  spin- 
dle. C  is  the  oil-cup,  consisting  of  an  up- 
ward extension  of  the  whirl  D,  which  is 
screwed  against  a  shoulder  in  the  spindle. 

For  different  grades  of  work  we  make 
three  sizes  of  Sawyer  Twister  Spindles,  two 
of  which  vary  somewhat  in  details  of  con- 
struction from  the  illustration  given,  but 
have  the  same  advantages  of  the  extended 
bolster  and  thorough  lubrication. 

Over  a  hundred  and  fifty  of  our  twist- 
ers are  now  in  operation,  giving  excellent 
satisfaction. 


1^ 

Those 


The  matter  of  twist  is  one  in  which  the 
practice  in  different  mills  differs  greatly, 
there  being  no  established  rule.  Several 
leading  manuHicturers,  we  find,  have  lat- 
terly adopted  as  a  proper  twist  per  inch, 
four  times  the  square  root  of  the  number 
of  the  yarn  turned  off  by  the  twister.  To 
facilitate  the  adoption  of  this  standard  we 
have  prepared  the  following  twist  tables,' 
showing  the  twist  by  this  rule  for  all  num- 
bers of  yarn  up  to  80's,  from  two  to  six 
ply.  The  square  root  of  the  number  of 
the  twisted  yarn  is  given,  so  that  the  twist 
with  any  other  number  than  four  as  a  multiplier  may  be  easily  figured  if 
desired.  (For  tables  see  pages  93  to  102  inclusive.) 
5 


THE  liEW  RABBETH  TWISTER  SFJJS'DLE. 


THE  NEW  RABBETH  SPINDLE,  FOR  LIGHT  TWISTING. 
{See  remarks  on  page  97.) 


TWIST  TABLE  FOR  TWISTED  YARNS. 


1.05 
2.30 
2.83 
3.28 
3.64 
4.00 
4.33 
4.6L 
4.90 
5.17 
5.41 
5.66 
5.89 
6.10 
6.32 
6.54 
6.73 
6.93 
7.12 
7.30 
7.48 

11 

JO  -OM 

•ua«A  JO -ON 

i 

5-Piy. 

ii 

JO  -o.v 

0.20 
0.40 
0.60 
0.80 
1.00 
1.20 
1.40 
1.60 
1.80 
2.00 
2.20 
2.40 
2.60 
2.80 
3.00 
3.20 
3.40 
3.60 
3.80 
4.(0 
1  4.20 

•aat..iJ0-0K 

 ryi  0^ 

i 

2.00 
2.83 
3.46 
4.00 
4.47 
4.90 
5.29 
5.66 
6.00 
6.32 
6.63 
6.93 
7.21 
7.48 
7.75 
8.00 
8  25 
8.48 
*  8.72 
8.94 
9.16 

i 

11 

JO  -OK 

0.25 
0.50 
0.75 
1.00 
1.25 
1.50 
1  75 
2.00 
2.25 
2.50 
2.75 
3.00 
3.25 
3.50 
3  75 
4.00 
4.25 
4.50 
4.75 
5.00 
5.25 

•uaT^xJo-oN 

 ^  

1 

2.30 
3.28 
4.00 
4  61 
5.17 
5.66 
6.10 
6  54 
6.93 
7.30 
7.66 
8.00 
8.32 
8.64 
8.94 
9.24 
9.52 
9.80 
10.06 
10.33 
10.58 

3-Ply. 

li 

iiliiliiiiiiil 

JO  -Oil 

1 

mmmmmmsmm 

s 

ii 

0.707 
1.000 
1.225 

1  All 
1.414 

1.581 
1.732 
1.871 
2.000 
2.12L 

2  236 
2.345 
2.450 
2.550 
2.646 
2.739 
2.828 
2.916 
3.000 
3.082 
3.162 
3.240 

JO -ox 

•QIBAJO  OK 

n  ^      ^      CC  ^.  ^      Oi      ^  x 

TWIST  TABLE  FOR  TWISTED  YARNS. 


1 

1  m^mmmmm 

* 

I 

« 

II 

immmmmm 

JO  OK 

MKfeKlLjlSb'blTi?  HrH'ri'  i!lJ 

1 

(1 

immmmimmMi 

d  ?i  ?i  5^        ?i     ^  ?i  c4  c'i     ?i  ^  ?i  ?i  -^i  ^\  ^\ 

JO  -ox 

4.40 
4.00 
4.80 
5.00 
5.20 
5.40 

5.80 
(J.  (10 
(i.20 
0.40 
0.00 
0.80 
7.00 
7.20 
7.40 
7.00 
7.80 
8.00 
8.20 
8.i0 

•aac  \  JO  -ox 

{ 

i 

4 

JO  ox 

•ojBijo  ox 

1 

W 

JO  ox 

■ujUAJo  -ox  1 

i  i 

>> 

11 

i 

JO  ox 

■  uiKX  JO  -ox 

TWIST  TABLE  FOR  TWISTED  YARNS.  101 

mmmMmimmmmM 
mmmmm 

mmmimmmMMMmmM 

iifiiiiiiiiiiliiliiiiilliil! 
iiiiiiiiiiijsliailiiiiilgaiii 

mmmsmmimmmM 
msmmmmmmmm 


102 


TWIST  TABLE  FOR  TWISTED  YARNS. 


j 

mm 

■ 

Squaro 
Root. 

iiiil 

JO  -on 

12.G7 
12.83 
13.00 
13.17 
13.33 

•nivx  JO  -OM 

i 

iilli 

s 

© 

II 

3.890 
3.924 
3.950 

1.000 

.  JO -ox 

Ilii 



•aivx  JO  OK 

i 

17.43 
17.55 
17.G6 
17.78 
17.89 

4-Ply. 

4.358 
4.387 
4.41G 

A  AAA 

4.472 

•UJBipajSIAil 

JO  -ON 

liWi 

•naT^A  JO  -ox 

Twist. 

20.13 
20.27 
20.40 
20.52 
20.G6 

3-Ply. 

Square 
Root. 

iSal! 

•uiBipajsiMX 
JO  -OX 

Hill 

•njEA  JO  -oy 

i 

iiiil 

 1 

6.104 

6.205 
0.244 
6.285 
6.324 

JO  -OK 

•OJBi  JO  -OiJ 

76  38.0 

77  38.5 

78  30  0 

79  39.5 

80  40.0 

PRODUCTION  OF  TWISTERS. 


103 


4^  in.  Ring.  2,000 
Revs,  per  Min.  of 
Spindle. 

6-Ply. 

•sjnoq  09  a? 
paonpojd  'sq'^ 

189.68 
84. -28 
52.14 

_ 

•p3;siAi}  aq 
0}  ujvX  JO 

CM            CO      I       1       1       1  1 

1 

•Sjnoq  09  "I 
paonpojd  'soT 

129.57 
52.14 
29.15 

•pa4S!A\}  aq 
o;  ojbX  jo  "0^ 

<N    ^     CD       1       1        1       1  1 

4  in.  Ring.  3,300 
Revs,  per  Min.  of 
Spindle. 

4-Ply. 

sjnoq  09 
paonpOtid  *sq^ 

46.34 
30.53 
22.17 
17.06 

•pa;9iA\?  aq 

01  OJI!^  JO  "O^ 

CO    00    O    (M      1       1       1  1 

Ph 
1 

sinoq  09  ni 

46.34 
30  53 
22.17 
17.06 

•pa:)siAij  aq 

0%             JO  O^J 

CO            »0    CO      1       1       I  1 

3^  in.  Ring.  4,000 
Revs,  per  Min.  of 
Spindle. 

P^ 
1 

■*jnoq  09  ui 
paonpojd  *sq^ 

20.65 
16.43 
13.46 
11.41 
9.75 
8.55 
7.51 

•pa?siA\)  aq 
o;  aa^if  jo  'o^i 

<M        CO  00  o  1 

tH    t-l           rH    (N    (N    (M  ' 

1 

•sjnoq  09  ni 
paanpojd  '  sq'j 

20.65 
13.46 
9.75 
7.51 

•pajsiAii  aq 

O?  OJTJ.C  JO  -0^ 

CD    00    O    (M      1       1       1  1 

3  in.  Ring.  •  4,500 
Revs,  per  Min.  of 
Spindle. 

1 

•Sjnoq  09  ^\ 
paonpojd  "sq'j 

6.70 
6.04 
5.55 
5.06 
4.65 

•pa;smj  aq 
0^  uj^iC  JO  "OK 

00    O    (M    •*    CD      1       1  1 
<N    CO    CO    CO    CO      '       '  ' 

Ph 
1 

•sjnoq  09 
paonpojd  'sq^^ 

6.70 
5.55 
4.65 

•pa^siM)  aq 
oj  ojisi  JO  -o^i 

^    CO    00      1       1       1       1  1 

2^  in.  Ring.  6,000 
Revs,  per  Min.  of 
Spindle. 

4-Ply. 

•SJnoq  09  ai 
paanpojd  'sq'j 

5.27 
4.58 
3.82 
2.91 

•pa^si.vij  aq 

O'i  UJLvk  JO  -ofj 

o          O    O     1      1      1  , 
XO    CO      '       '       '  ' 

>> 
1 

•SJnoq  09  ni 
paonpojd  "sq'j 

6.27 
4.58 
4.02 
3.58 
3.22 
2.91 

■pa(>STMj  aq 
0?  njBA"  JO  'o^i 

O    <M    ^    CO    00    O      1  1 
(N    (M    CN    (N    CN    CO      '  ' 

1|  in.  Ring.  7,000 
Revs,  per  Min.  of 
Spindle. 

4-Ply. 

•SJnoq  09  tti 
paonpojd  •sq'j 

3.28 

2.69 
2.22 

•pa^siM^  aq 
0?  UJB/f  JO  -o^j 

O    O    O      1       1       1       1  1 
CO            00      '        '       '        '  ' 

Ph 
1 

•SJnoq  09  «5 
paonpojd  "sq^ 

3.28 
3.08 
2.80 
2.58 
2.38 
2.22 
1.92 
1.60 

•pa^siMi  aq 
o:)  aiv.'i  JO  "Ofj 

OCT'^COOOO-i^O 

cocoeocoeo-^-^»o 

IJin.  Ring. 
7,500  Revs, 
per  Min.  of 
Spindle. 

>» 

1 

•SJnoq  09  nt 
paonpojd  'sq^J 

1.69 
1.29 
1.03 
0.84 

•pajsiM^  aq 
oj  uj^bX  JO  •on 

O    O    O    O      I      1      1  1 
»f5    CD           00      '       '       '  ' 

104 


THE  FOSS  IMPROVEMENTS  IN  SPEEDERS. 


THE  FOSS  IMPROVEMENTS  IN  SPEEDERS. 


\f/a2 


[1 


INIr.  John  F.  Foss.  whose  name  is  already  well  known  to  the  manufacturing 
public  in  connection  with  the  under-flat  card,  has  invented  an  important  im- 
provement in  f;peeders,  winch  we  are  now  preparing  to  introduce,  and  which 
we  believe  is  destined  to  conie  into  universal  use,  effecting  as  it  does  a  great 

increase  in  production  —  as  high  as 
sttevtij-Jire  per  cent.  — with  an  im- 
portant reduction  in  power,  and  a 
very  perceptible  improvement  in  the 
quality  of  the  roving. 

The  modification  relates  only  to 
the  spindle  and  flyer.  Instead  of  car- 
rying the  bobbin  on  the  free  end  of 
a  spindle  extending  nearly  through 
it,  and  having  its  bolster  or  upper 
bearing  far  l)elow  the  load,  this  in- 
vention provides  a  slotted  tube  or 
quill  (Fig.  2),  which  is  furnished 
with  suitable  bearings  {a  and  c,  Fis:. 
1)  :it  the  top  and  bottom  of  the  flyer. 
Within  this  quill  the  new  spindle 
traverses  as  before,  a  toe  or  lug  at 
the  top  of  the  spindle  projecting  out 
through  the  slot  in  the  quill  (as  at  6, 
Fig.  1),  and  servhig  to  hold  and 
drive  the  bobbin. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  quill  effec- 
tively suj)ports  the  bobbin  and  its 
load  against  any  tendency  to  lateral 
or  vibratory  motion,  having  a  bearing 
at  each  end.  The  spindle  is  short- 
ened, so  much  of  it  as  formerly  ex- 
tended into  the  bobbin  being  now  dis- 
pensed with ;  and  as  all  lateral  strain 
is  removed  its  diameter  is  very  much 
reduced.  The  upper  end  of  the  spindle 
is  so  formed  (Fig.  3)  that  when  it  is 
at  the  lower  limit  of  the  traverse  the 
quill  njay  be  released  by  lifting  the 
bolt  (at  a,  Fig.  1),  and  may  then 
be  swung  freely  toward  the  operator, 
the  full  bobbin  doffed,  and  an  empty 
one  substituted. 

"With  the  aid  of  the  cuts  this  ex- 
planation will  make  the  oi^eration  of 
the  new  device  sufficiently  plain.  It 
has  been  found  by  actual  experiments, 
of  several  months'  duration,  upon  a 
coarse  speeder,  that  seventy-five  per 
cent,  increase  in  speed  was  easily  at- 
tained, and  the  vibration  was  so 
much  reduced  from  what  it  had  been 
with  the  old  arrangement  at  the  lower 
speed  that  the  roving  produced  was 
evener  and  better.  The  power  re- 
quired is  largely  diminished,  both 
on  account  of  the  absence  of  vibra- 
tion, and  the  reduction  in  diameter 
of  the  spindle.  It  is  expected  that 
with  this  improvement  the  speeder 


Fjg.3 


FiG.I 


THE  THOMPSON  OIL  CAN. 


105 


will  fully  equal  the  fly-frame  as  to  quality  of  work,  and  greatly  excel  it  in  pro- 
duction. 

We  are  now  making  active  preparation  to  alter  old  speeders  to  this  system, 
and  invite  correspondence  on  the  subject.  Parties  buying  new  machines  can 
have  them  built  on  this  plan  at  the  Lowell  Machine  Shop  and  probably  by 
other  builders,  though  no  arrangements  have  yet  been  made  with  any  other 
shops. 

Speeders  with  the  Foss  improvements  are  now  running  at  the  mills  of  the 
Hamilton  Manufacturing  Co.,  Lowell,  Mass.,  where  those  interested  will  doubt- 
less be  allowed  to  examine  their  operation  at  pleasure. 


THE  THOMPSON  OIL  CAN. 


B 


a 


This  is  the  most  practical,  neat,  and  economical  in  use.  There  can  be  no 
leakage  from  the  vent,  and  the  oil  that  runs 
down  the  tube  is  saved,  running  back  into  the 
can  through  the  vent  tube.  It  may  lie  on  its 
side  or  be  rolled  on  the  floor  without  wasting  a 
drop  of  oil.  No  boiling  out  in  potash  is  needed 
when  stopped  up,  as  it  is  easily  cleaned  by  run- 
ning a  wire  into  the  vent  and  chamber  through 
the  mouth  of  the  can. 

We  call  special  attention  to  our  improved 
tube  shown  in  the  cut.  The  oil  delivery  is 
regulated  by  the  hole  a,  and  this  is  so  far  from 
the  end  as  to  prevent  the  help  from  changing 
its  size. 

There  is  less  delay  in  oiling  with  these,  and 
they  are  more  easily  cleaned,  if  the  whole  be- 
comes obstructed,  than  tubes  having  a  bushing 
in  the  middle;  again,  our  tube  is  made  in  one 
piece,  which  all  will  recognize  as  an  advantage. 

The  Thompson  oil  can  is  well  known  to 
manufacturers  as  the  best  in  the  market,  and 
has  been  made  by  us  the  past  twenty  years. 
Up  to  January  of  1881  we  had  sold  over 
450,000. 

Parties  ordering  Thompson  Oilers  will  please  consult  the  following,  by 
which  we  distinguish  the  different  sizes. 


Largest  Cans,  31  in.  high,  2|.  in.  in  diameter,  called  Large. 
Medium  Cans,  3  in.  high,  21  in.  in  diameter,  called  Common. 
Smallest  Cans,       in.  high,  21  in.  in  diameter,  called  Small. 

We  distinguish  the  tubes  by  the  size  of  the  hole,  —  that  is.  No.  19  has  a 
hole  No.  19  wire  gauge;  No.  20  tube,  hole  No.  20  and  so  on.  Those  most 
frequently  wanted  are  Nos.  19,  20,  and  21 ;  but  we  make  any  size  of  hole  to  or- 
der.   The  number  does  not  refer  to  the  can,  but  only  to  the  hole  in  the  tube. 

Our  common  length  of  tube  is  31  inches ;  but  tubes  of  greater  length  we 
make  to  order,  at  proportionately  higher  prices.  Our  tube  is  the  best,  cheapest 
and  surest  to  fit  our  can. 


106 


THE  STANYAN  BREAD-MIXER. 

COTTON  BALE  SHEARS. 


These  shears  will  be  found  very  useful  in  opening  bales,  being  especially 
adapted  in  form  for  cutting  hoop  iron  with  ease.    We  have  sold  a  great  many. 


THE  STANYAN  BREAD-MIXER. 


Departing  somewhat  from  its  usual  line  of  business,  the  Dutcher  Temple 

Company  has  acquired  an  interest  in  the  above-mentioned  very  useful  domestic 
implement,  and  has  begun  its  manufacture  and  sale.  It  has  been  very 
greatly  improved  in  form,  efficiency,  and  workmanship,  and  is  one  of  those  neat 
modern  labor-saving  utensils  which  no  housekeeper  will  do  without,  after  once 
giving  it  a  trial.  Send  for  a  circular  containing  description,  prices,  testimo- 
nials, etc.,  if  you  do  not  find  the  machine  on  sale  by  the  nearest  dealer  in 
kitchen  furnishings. 


In  C0mpl{cateti  Irgal  questions,  a  wise  man  would  seek 
counselors  at  the  head  of  their  professiofi. 

En  serious  illness,  he  would  send  for  a  physician  of 
known  professional  skill. 

En  purchasing  gootis,  he  would  patronize  reliable  houses 
with  large  facilities  for  supplying  merchatidise  in  their  line. 

^nti  in  ftugmg  patenteti  articles,  he  would  deal  with  par- 
ties of  established  reputation^  who  can  discriminate  bet^veen 
real  and  pretended  improvements^  and  who  have  the  capital 
and  honesty  to  guarantee  customers  against  claims  of  other 
patentees. 


GEORGE  DRAPER  &  SONS, 


HOBEDALE,  MASS. 

MANUFACTURERS  AND  AGENTS 

FOR 

The  Sawyer  Patent  Spindle  for  Ring  Spinning. 
The  New  Rabbeth  Patent  Spindle. 
Patent  Double  Adjustable  Spinning  Rings. 
Doyle  Separators  and  Kilburn  Contractors  for  Ring  Spin- 
ning. 

Houghton  Traveler  Brushes. 

Weeks'  Patent  Banding  Machines. 

Spoolers  with  Improved  Steps  and  Bolsters. 

Skein  Spoolers  and  Reels. 

Laflin  Patent  Spooler  Guides. 

"Wade's  Patent  Bobbin  Holders. 

Slasher  Warpers. 

Warper  Creels  and  Beams. 

Patent  Cut  Markers  for  Slashers. 


GEORGE  DRAPER  &  SONS, 

HOPEDALE,  3IASS. 

MANUFACTURERS  AND  AGENTS 

FOR 

Copper  Rolls  for  Slashers  and  Dressers. 

Twisters,  with  Sawyer  or  New  Rabbeth  Spindles. 

The  Foss  Improvements  in  Speeders. 

Patent  Let-off  Motions  for  Looms. 

Patent  Shuttle  Motions  for  Looms. 

Patent  Picker  Bolts,  Screws,  and  Collars  for  Looms. 

Patent  Loom  Protectors. 

Draper's  Thin  Place  Preventer  for  Looms. 

Dutcher's  Patent  Temples  for  Looms. 

Kayser's  Patent  Temples  for  Looms. 

Murkland's  Carpet  Temples  for  Looms. 

Draper's  Revolving  Temples  for  Looms. 

Shuttle  Guides  for  Looms. 

Thompson  Oil  Cans,  with  Improved  Tubes. 

Patent  Cotton  Bale  Shears. 


HOPEDALE  MACHINE  COMPANY, 

HOJPJEDAZi:,  MASS. 

MANUFACTURERS  OF 

Improved  Cotton  Machinery. 


Patent  Warpers,  with  Walmsley's  Stop  Motion. 

I 

Spoolers,  for  Bobbin  or  Skein. 
Twisters,  with  Sawyer  or  New  Rabbeth  Spindles. 
Reels,  Banding  Machines, 
Warper  Beams  and  Creels,  Slasher  Rolls, 
Cut  Markers,  Centering  Machines,  etc. 

tTob  Worh  to  Order. 


GEO.  DRAPER,  Pres't  and  Agent. 

WM.  F.  DRAPER,  Treas. 
J.  B.  BANCROFT,  Sup't. 


HOPEDALE  MACHINE  COMPANY, 

SOJ^BDALE,  MASS. 


FOUNDRY  DEPARTMENT. 
Iron  Castings  of  all  Descriptions. 

Particular  attention  paid  to  Small  Soft  Work. 
Castings  JPickled,  Tumbled,  or  Annealed  if  desired, 

GEO.  DRAPER,  Pres  t  and  Agent. 

WM.  F.  DRAPER,  Treas. 
J.  B.  BANCROFT,  Sup't. 


DUTCHER  TEMPLE  COMPANY, 

MANUFACTURERS  OF 

Dutcher's  Patent  Temples, 
Kayser's  Patent  Temples, 

AND 

MUEKLAND'S  CARPET  TEMPLES, 

HOPEBALE,  MASS. 


The  above  Trade-Mark  has  been  duly  registered  at  the  Patent 
Office,  and  will  be  found  stamped  upon  all  rolls  made  by  the  Ddtciier 
Temple  Company. 


GEORGE  DRAPER,  President. 

F.  J.  DUTCHER,  Agent  and  Tkeasurkr. 


GEORGE  DRAPER  &  SONS, 

Selling  Agents, 


MEMORANDA. 


MEMORANDA 


MEMORANDA, 


MEMORANDA 


MEMORANDA, 


MEMORANDA 


MEMORANDA. 


MEMORANDA 


MEMORANDA. 


MEMORANDA. 


MEMORANDA. 


MEMORANDA. 


i 


MEMORANDA. 


MEMORANDA. 


MEMORANDA. 


MEMORANDA. 


